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词条 Ust'-Ishim man
释义

  1. Genome sequencing

     Y-DNA and mtDNA  Relationship with Neanderthals  Relationship with modern human populations 

  2. References

  3. Bibliography

{{coor|57.744|N|71.200|E|display=title}}Ust'-Ishim man is the term given to the 45,000-year-old remains of one of the early modern humans to inhabit western Siberia.[1] The fossil is notable in that it had intact DNA which permitted the complete sequencing of its genome, the oldest modern human genome to be so decoded.[1]

The remains consist of a single bone—left femur—of a male hunter-gatherer, which was discovered in 2008[3] protruding from the bank of the Irtysh River by Nikolai Peristov, a Russian sculptor who specialises in carving mammoth ivory.[1] Peristov showed the fossil to a forensic investigator who suggested that it might be of human origin.[1] The fossil was named after the Ust'-Ishim District of Siberia where it had been discovered.[1]

Genome sequencing

The fossil was examined by paleoanthropologists in the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, located in Leipzig, Germany. Carbon dating showed that the fossil dates back to 45,000 years ago, making it the oldest human fossil to be so dated.[1] Scientists found the DNA intact and were able to sequence the complete genome of Ust'-Ishim man to contemporary standards of quality.[1] Though genomes have been sequenced of hominins pre-dating Ust'-Ishim man, this is the oldest modern human genome to be sequenced to date.[2]

Y-DNA and mtDNA

Since 2016, Ust'-Ishim man has been classified as belonging to Y-DNA haplogroup K2a*, which is defined by the SNP M2308. Before 2016, the remains were believed to belong to Haplogroup K2 (the clade ancestral to K2a). The same research determined that K2a is distinct from and ancestral to both K2a1 and NO* (itself a primary branch of K2a1).[3] It may be inferred that K2a emerged in or near South Asia approximately 47,000 years BP – i.e. K2 is estimated to have originated in South East Asia, about 47,000–55,000 BP,[4] while its secondary descendant NO* is believed to have emerged approximately 38,000 to 47,000 BP.[3][5][6]

The remains belonged to mitochondrial DNA haplogroup R*. Before 2016 they had been classified as U*.[7][8]

Both of these haplogroups and descendant subclades are now found among populations throughout Eurasia, Oceania and The Americas, although no direct descendants of Ust Ishim man's specific lineages are known from modern populations.

Examination of the sequenced genome indicates that Ust'-Ishim man lived at a point in time (270,000 to 45,000 years ago) between the first wave of anatomically modern humans that migrated out of Africa and the divergence of that population into distinct populations, in terms of autosomal DNA in different parts of Eurasia.[9] Consequently, Ust'-Ishim man is not more closely related to the first two major migrations of Homo Sapiens eastward from Africa into Asia: a group that migrated along the coast of South Asia, or a group that moved north-east through Central Asia.[10] When compared to other ancient remains, Ust'-Ishim man is more closely related, in terms of autosomal DNA to Tianyuan man, found near Beijing and dating from 42,000 to 39,000 years ago; Mal'ta boy (or MA-1), a child who lived 24,000 years ago along the Bolshaya Belaya River near today's Irkutsk in Siberia, or; La Braña man – a hunter-gatherer who lived in La Braña (modern Spain) about 8,000 years ago.[2][11][12]

Relationship with Neanderthals

Analysis of modern human genomes reveals that humans interbred with Neanderthals between 37,000 and 86,000 years ago,[13] resulting in the DNA of humans outside Africa containing between 1.5 and 2.1 percent DNA of Neanderthal origin.[14] Neanderthal DNA in modern humans occurs in broken fragments; however, the Neanderthal DNA in Ust'-Ishim man occurs in clusters, indicating that Ust'-Ishim man lived in the immediate aftermath of the genetic interchange.[2] The genomic sequencing of Ust'-Ishim man has led to refinement of the estimated date of mating between the two hominin species to between 52,000 and 58,000 years ago.[2]

No relationship between Denisovans and the Ust'-Ishim man has been checked, although Denisovans have some descendants in Oceania and Asia.

Relationship with modern human populations

Ust’-Ishim is more closely related to modern East Asian and Oceanian populations than to modern West Eurasian populations, such as the current residents of the Ust’-Ishim area.[2] Modern West Eurasians are more closely related to other ancient remains.[15]

In a 2016 study, modern Tibetans were identified as the modern population that has the most alleles in common with Ust'-Ishim man.[16] According to a 2017 study, "Siberian and East Asian populations shared 38% of their ancestry"[17] to Ust’-Ishim man.

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web| url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/45-000-year-old-mans-genome-sequenced/ |title= 45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced| author= Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine |website=Scientific American |date= 23 October 2014|accessdate= 24 October 2014}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| url=http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeology/2014/10/oldest-human-genome-reveals-when-our-ancestors-had-sex-neandertals |title=Oldest human genome reveals when our ancestors had sex with Neandertals | author= Wade, Lizzie | date= 22 October 2014| website=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science | accessdate= 24 October 2014}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal|pmc=4884158|year=2016|author1=Poznik|first1=G. D|title=Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=48|issue=6|pages=593–599|last2=Xue|first2=Y|last3=Mendez|first3=F. L|last4=Willems|first4=T. F|last5=Massaia|first5=A|last6=Wilson Sayres|first6=M. A|last7=Ayub|first7=Q|last8=McCarthy|first8=S. A|last9=Narechania|first9=A|last10=Kashin|first10=S|last11=Chen|first11=Y|last12=Banerjee|first12=R|last13=Rodriguez-Flores|first13=J. L|last14=Cerezo|first14=M|last15=Shao|first15=H|last16=Gymrek|first16=M|last17=Malhotra|first17=A|last18=Louzada|first18=S|last19=Desalle|first19=R|last20=Ritchie|first20=G. R|last21=Cerveira|first21=E|last22=Fitzgerald|first22=T. W|last23=Garrison|first23=E|last24=Marcketta|first24=A|last25=Mittelman|first25=D|last26=Romanovitch|first26=M|last27=Zhang|first27=C|last28=Zheng-Bradley|first28=X|last29=Abecasis|first29=G. R|last30=McCarroll|first30=S. A|display-authors=29|doi=10.1038/ng.3559|pmid=27111036}}
4. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.106|pmid=24896152|title=Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=23|issue=3|pages=369–73|year=2014|last1=Karafet|first1=Tatiana M|last2=Mendez|first2=Fernando L|last3=Sudoyo|first3=Herawati|last4=Lansing|first4=J Stephen|last5=Hammer|first5=Michael F|pmc=4326703}}
5. ^[https://www.yfull.com/tree/NO/ YFull] Haplogroup YTree v5.06 at 25 September 2017
6. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Karmin | first1 = Monika | last2 = Saag | first2 = Lauri | last3 = Vicente | first3 = Mário |display-authors=etal | year = 2015 | title = ", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture | url = | journal = Genome Research | volume = 25 | issue = 4| pages = 459–466 | doi = 10.1101/gr.186684.114 | pmid = 25770088 | pmc = 4381518 }}
7. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/s12862-016-0816-8|title=Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=246|year=2016|last1=Marrero|first1=Patricia|last2=Abu-Amero|first2=Khaled K|last3=Larruga|first3=Jose M|last4=Cabrera|first4=Vicente M|pmid=27832758|pmc=5105315}}
8. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5|title=Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=17|issue=1|pages=115|year=2017|last1=Larruga|first1=Jose M|last2=Marrero|first2=Patricia|last3=Abu-Amero|first3=Khaled K|last4=Golubenko|first4=Maria V|last5=Cabrera|first5=Vicente M|pmid=28535779|pmc=5442693}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.mpg.de/8710423/genome-earliest-modern-human|title=Earliest modern human sequenced |date=22 October 2014 |website=Max-Planck-Gesellschaft |accessdate=30 October 2014}}
10. ^{{cite journal| url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7523/full/nature13810.html |author= Qiaomei Fu, Heng Li, Priya Moorjani, Flora Jay, Sergey M. Slepchenko, Aleksei A. Bondarev, Philip L. F. Johnson, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Kay Prüfer, Cesare de Filippo, Matthias Meyer, Nicolas Zwyns, Domingo C. Salazar-García, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, Susan G. Keates, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Dmitry I. Razhev, Michael P. Richards, Nikolai V. Peristov, Michael Lachmann, Katerina Douka, Thomas F. G. Higham, Montgomery Slatkin, Jean-Jacques Hublin, David Reich, Janet Kelso, T. Bence Viola & Svante Pääbo|title=Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia |journal=Nature | issue= 7523| pages=445–449|date=23 October 2014|doi=10.1038/nature13810 |accessdate= 24 October 2014 | pmid=25341783 | volume=514 | pmc=4753769|hdl= 10550/42071}}
11. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/409.full |title=Ancient DNA Links Native Americans With Europe |author=Balter, Michael |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6157 |pages=409–410 | date= 25 October 2013|accessdate=25 October 2014|doi=10.1126/science.342.6157.409 |pmid=24159019 }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeology/2014/01/how-farming-reshaped-our-genomes |title=How Farming Reshaped Our Genomes |author=Balter, Michael |website=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science | date= 26 January 2014|accessdate=25 October 2014}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/23730-neanderthals-modern-humans-interbreeding.html|title=Humans Broke Off Neanderthal Sex After Discovering Eurasia|author=Choi, Charles Q.|website=LiveScience |date=4 October 2012|accessdate= 25 October 2014}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/42056-neanderthal-woman-genome-sequenced.html|title=Neanderthal Woman's Genome Reveals Unknown Human Lineage|author=Choi, Charles Q. |website=LiveScience |date=18 December 2013|accessdate= 25 October 2014}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/09/three-part-ancestry-europeans |title=Three-part ancestry for Europeans |author=Gibbons, Ann |website=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |date=4 September 2014 |accessdate=30 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011034223/http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/09/three-part-ancestry-europeans |archive-date=11 October 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Dongsheng|display-authors=etal|title=Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=September 1, 2016|volume=99|pages=7}}
17. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wong|first=Emily H. M.|last2=Khrunin|first2=Andrey|last3=Nichols|first3=Larissa|last4=Pushkarev|first4=Dmitry|last5=Khokhrin|first5=Denis|last6=Verbenko|first6=Dmitry|last7=Evgrafov|first7=Oleg|last8=Knowles|first8=James|last9=Novembre|first9=John|date=2017-01-01|title=Reconstructing genetic history of Siberian and Northeastern European populations|url=http://genome.cshlp.org/content/27/1/1|journal=Genome Research|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1101/gr.202945.115|issn=1088-9051|pmid=27965293|pmc=5204334}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite journal| url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7523/full/nature13810.html |author= Qiaomei Fu, Heng Li, Priya Moorjani, Flora Jay, Sergey M. Slepchenko, Aleksei A. Bondarev, Philip L. F. Johnson, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Kay Prüfer, Cesare de Filippo, Matthias Meyer, Nicolas Zwyns, Domingo C. Salazar-García, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, Susan G. Keates, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Dmitry I. Razhev, Michael P. Richards, Nikolai V. Peristov, Michael Lachmann, Katerina Douka, Thomas F. G. Higham, Montgomery Slatkin, Jean-Jacques Hublin, David Reich, Janet Kelso, T. Bence Viola & Svante Pääbo|title=Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia |journal=Nature | issue= 7523| pages=445–449|date=23 October 2014|doi=10.1038/nature13810 |accessdate= 24 October 2014 | pmid=25341783 | volume=514 | pmc=4753769|hdl= 10550/42071}}
{{Human_Evolution}}

5 : Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens fossils|People from Siberia|Omsk Oblast|2008 in Russia|2008 archaeological discoveries
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