| 词条 | Trifoliate orange | |
| 释义 |
| name = Trifoliate orange Citrus trifoliata or Poncirus trifoliata | image = Poncirus trifoliata 1 JdP.jpg | image_caption = A fruiting tree in Jardin des Plantes, Paris | regnum = Plantae | unranked_divisio = Angiosperms | unranked_classis = Eudicots | unranked_ordo = Rosids | ordo = Sapindales | familia = Rutaceae | subfamilia = Aurantioideae | tribus = Citreae | genus = Citrus or Poncirus | species = C. trifoliata or P. trifoliata | binomial = Citrus trifoliata or Poncirus trifoliata | binomial_authority = L./(L.) Raf. | synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = [1] }} The trifoliate orange, Poncirus trifoliata or Citrus trifoliata, is a member of the family Rutaceae. Whether the species should be considered to belong to its own genus, Poncirus or included in the genus Citrus is debated. The species is unusual among citrus for having deciduous, compound leaves and pubescent (downy) fruit.[2][3] The trifolate orange was long viewed as the sole member of Poncirus, until the discovery of a second species, Poncirus polyandra, in Yunnan (China) in the 1980s.[4] It is native to northern China and Korea, and is also known as the Japanese bitter-orange,[5] hardy orange[6] or Chinese bitter orange. The plant is a fairly cold-hardy citrus (USDA zone 6) and will tolerate moderate frost and snow, making a large shrub or small tree 4–8 m tall. Because of its relative hardiness, citrus grafted onto Citrus trifoliata are usually hardier than when grown on their own roots.[7] DescriptionThe trifoliate orange is recognizable by the large {{convert|3–5|cm|abbr=on}} thorns on the shoots, and its deciduous leaves with three (or rarely, five) leaflets, typically with the middle leaflet {{convert|3–5|cm|abbr=on}} long, and the two side leaflets {{convert|2–3|cm|abbr=on}} long. The flowers are white, with pink stamens, {{convert|3–5|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, larger than those of true citrus but otherwise closely resembling them, except that the scent is much less pronounced than with true citrus. As with true citrus, the leaves give off a spicy smell when crushed. The fruits are green, ripening to yellow, and {{convert|3–4|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter similar in size to a lime and resembling a small orange, but with a finely downy surface and having a fuzzy texture similar to a peach. The fruits also have distinctive smell from other citrus varieties and often contain a high concentration of seeds. UsesCultivationThe cultivar "Flying Dragon" is dwarfed in size and has highly twisted, contorted stems. It makes an excellent barrier hedge due to its density and strong curved thorns. Such hedges have been grown for over 50 years at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, and are highly student-proof.[8] The plant is also highly deer resistant.[9] In central London, mature Trifoliate Orange specimens can be seen in the gardens of St Paul's Cathedral. Trifoliate orange and various hybrids of this plant are widely used as citrus rootstocks[10]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=May 2018}}. Recent studies have revealed that the trifoliate orange contains aurapten at a high concentration, which is one of the functional components having immunity against citrus tristeza virus (CTV).[11] As foodThe fruits are very bitter, due in part to their poncirin content. Most people consider them inedible fresh, but they can be made into marmalade.[9] When dried and powdered, they can be used as a condiment. MedicineTraditional medicineThe fruits of the trifoliate orange are widely used in Oriental medicine as a treatment for allergic inflammation.[12] References{{Commons category|Citrus trifoliata}}1. ^{{citation|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724403|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species|accessdate=26 March 2016}} {{Citrus}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q859433}}2. ^{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=107164 |chapter=Citrus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 782. 1753 |author1=Dianxiang Zhang |author2=David J. Mabberley |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Flora of China online |volume=11}} 3. ^{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220002968 |chapter=Citrus trifoliata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 1101. 1763 |author1=Dianxiang Zhang |author2=David J. Mabberley |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Flora of China online |volume=11}} 4. ^{{cite journal | title=A nuclear phylogenetic analysis: SNPs, indels and SSRs deliver new insights into the relationships in the ‘true citrus fruit trees’ group (Citrinae, Rutaceae) and the origin of cultivated species | last1=Garcia-Lor |first1=Andres | last2=Curk | first2=Franck | last3=Snoussi-Trifa | first3=Hager | last4=Morillon | first4=Raphael | last5=Ancillo | first5=Gema | last6=Luro | first6=François | last7=Navarro | first7=Luis | last8=Ollitrault | first8=Patrick | journal=Annals of Botany | volume=111 | pages=1–19 | year=2011 | doi=10.1093/aob/mcs227| pmc=3523644 }} 5. ^{{cite web |title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 6. ^{{PLANTS|id=POTR4 |taxon=Poncirus trifoliata|accessdate=31 January 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web|title= Notice to Fruit Growers and Nurseymen Related to the Naming and Release of the US-942 Citrus Rootstock |url=http://www.southeastagnet.com/documents/US-942-signed-release-notice.pdf |publisher= Agricultural Research Service, USDA|date= 22 October 2010|pages= 1–2|access-date= 23 October 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uaex.edu/yard-garden/resource-library/plant-week/hardy-orange-2-9-07.aspx|title=Plant of the Week. Hardy Orange or Trifoliate Orange. Latin: Poncirus trifoliat|publisher=University of Arkansas. Division of Agriculture|author=Gerald Klingaman}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.eattheweeds.com/hardy-orange/|title=Hardy Orange|author=Green Deane Hardy}} 10. ^Citrus rootstock 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/project/results/laboratory/fruit/2006/fruit06-11.html |title= Karatachi no kankitsu torisuteza wīrusu teikōsei to rensa suru DNA mākā |trans-title= PCR Primers for Marker Assisted Backcrossing to Introduce a CTV Resistance Gene from Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. into Citrus |author1= Ohta, Satoshi | author2= Endo, Tomoko | author3= Shimada, Takehiko | author4= Fujii, Hiroshi |others = Shimizu, Tokuro; Kuniga, Takeshi; Yoshioka, Terutaka; Nesumi, Hirohisa; Yoshida, Toshio; Omura, Mitsuo (University of Shizuoka) |publisher= Japanese Society for Horticultural Science |volume= 80 |number=3 |pages=295–307 |year= 2011 | accessdate= 23 October 2017}} 12. ^{{citation |pmid=17662711 |author1=Zhou H.Y. |author2=Shin E.M. |author3=Guo L.Y. |author4=Zou L.B. |author5=Xu G.H. |author6=Lee S.-H. |author7=Ze K.R. |author8=Kim E.-K. |author9=Kang S.S. |author10=Kim Y.S. |title=Anti-inflammatory activity of 21(alpha, beta)-methylmelianodiols, novel compounds from Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque. |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=572 |issue=2-3 |pages=239–248 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.005}} 7 : Citrus|Flora of China|Flora of Korea|Garden plants of Asia|Medicinal plants|Natural cultivars|Oranges |
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