| 词条 | Trim Castle |
| 释义 |
}}{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}{{Infobox military structure |name=Trim Castle |partof= |location=Trim, County Meath, Ireland |image=Trim Castle 6.jpg |image_size=250px |caption=The keep and curtain walls of Trim Castle |map_type =Ireland |coordinates = {{coord|53.555|-6.7897|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |type=Medieval castle |code= |built= from the 12th century |builder= Hugh de Lacy (keep) |materials= |height= |used= Open to public |demolished= |condition= Ruin |ownership= |controlledby= |garrison= |commanders= |occupants= |battles= |events= Norman Ireland }} Trim Castle ({{lang-ga|Caisleán Bhaile Atha Troim}}) is a Norman castle on the south bank of the River Boyne in Trim, County Meath, Ireland. With an area of 30,000 m², it is the largest Norman castle in Ireland.[1][2] Over a period of 30 years, it was built by Hugh de Lacy and his son Walter as the caput of the Lordship of Meath. HistoryDe LacyThe Castle was used as a centre of Norman administration for the Lordship of Meath, one of the new administrative areas of Ireland created by King Henry II of England. The site was chosen because it is on raised ground, overlooking a fording point on the River Boyne. The area was an important early medieval ecclesiastical and royal site that was navigable in medieval times by boat up the River Boyne, about 25 miles from the Irish Sea. Trim Castle is referred to in the Norman poem The Song of Dermot and the Earl. Hugh de Lacy took possession of it in 1172.[3] De Lacy built a huge ringwork castle defended by a stout double palisade and external ditch on top of the hill. There may also have been further defences around the cliffs fringing the high ground. Part of a stone footed timber gatehouse lies beneath the present stone gate at the west side of the castle. De Lacy left Ireland entrusting the castle to Hugh Tyrrel, baron of Castleknock, one of his chief lieutenants. The ringwork was attacked and burnt by forces of the Gaelic High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair; Tyrrel, having appealed in vain for help, was forced to flee. Ua Conchobair soon withdrew and De Lacy, or Raymond FitzGerald, immediately repaired or rebuilt the castle in 1173. After Hugh's death in 1186 his son Walter de Lacy succeeded as Lord of Meath.[4] He continued rebuilding and the castle was completed c. 1224. Geneville and MortimerThe next phase of the castle's development took place at the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century; a new great hall (with undercroft and attached solar in a radically altered curtain tower), a new forebuilding, and stables were added to the keep. On Walter de Lacy's death in 1241 his granddaughter Mathilda ('Maud') inherited the castle. Her second husband was Geoffrey de Geneville (brother of the crusade historian Jean de Joinville),[5] Lord of Vaucouleurs in Champagne, France, and of many lordships in England and Ireland which were to devolve upon his heirs. His son Piers de Geneville (who married Joan de Lusignan) died in 1292 leaving a daughter Joan, who in 1301 married Roger Mortimer (1st Earl of March).[6] Mathilda having died in 1304, in 1308 Geoffrey conveyed his Irish lordships to Roger Mortimer, and entered the priory at St. Mary's in Trim. Joan Mortimer inherited the title Baroness Geneville suo jure when Geoffrey died in 1314.[7] The castle thereby passed to the Mortimer family who held it until 1425, when the male line died out with Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March.[8] After this the estate passed to Richard of York, son of Edmund's sister Anne Mortimer by Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge.[9] Richard of York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460, and in 1461 his son, King Edward IV, appointed Germyn Lynch, goldsmith of London, to be his representative at Trim as warden and masterworker of the new issues of moneys and coins within the Castles of Dublin and Trim, and the town of Galway.[10] Later ownershipDuring the 15th century the Irish Parliament met in Trim Castle seven times and a mint operated in the castle. It was at that time the centre of administration for Meath and marked the outer northern boundary of The Pale. {{anchor|Irish Confederate Wars}}In the 16th century it fell into decline and was allowed to deteriorate, but it was refortified during the Irish Confederate Wars in the 1640s. In 1649 after the sacking of Drogheda, the garrison of Trim fled to join other Irish forces and the place was occupied by the army of Oliver Cromwell. After the wars of the 1680s, the castle was granted to the Wellesley family who held it until Arthur Wellesley (the Duke of Wellington), sold it to the Leslies. In following years it passed via the Encumbered Estates Court into the hands of the Dunsany Plunketts. They left the lands open and from time to time allowed various uses, with part of the Castle Field rented for some years by the Town Council as a municipal dump, and a small meeting hall for the Royal British Legion erected. The Dunsanys held the Castle and surrounds until 1993, when after years of discussion, Lord Dunsany sold the land and buildings to the State, retaining only river access and fishing rights. RestorationThe Office of Public Works began a major programme of exploratory works and conservation, costing over six million euro, including partial restoration of the moat and the installation of a protective roof on the keep. The castle was re-opened to the public in 2000. Structure{{double image|right|Trim Castle and undercroft.jpg|230|Trim keep plan.png|175|The keep viewed from the undercroft of the Great hall near the River Gate, and a plan}}With an area of 30,000 m², Trim Castle is the largest Cambro-Norman castle in Ireland. The design of the central three-storey keep (also known as a donjon or great tower) is unique for a Norman keep being of cruciform shape, with twenty corners. It was built on the site of the previous large ring work fortification in at least three stages, initially by Hugh de Lacy (c. 1174) and then in 1196 and 1201–5 by Walter de Lacy. The castle interior was partially the subject of archaeological digs, by David Sweetman of the OPW in the 1970s, and more extensively by Alan Hayden in the 1990s. The surviving curtain walls are predominantly of three phases. The west and north sides of the enceinte are defended by rectangular towers (including the Trim Gate) dating to the 1170s; the Dublin gate was erected in the 1190s or early part of the 13th century; and the remaining wall to the south with its round towers dates to the first two decades of the 13th century. The castle has two main gates. The one in the west side dates to the 1170s and sits on top of a demolished wooden gateway. The upper stories of the stone tower were altered to a semi-octagonal shape, c. 1200. The Dublin Gate in the south wall is a single round towered gate with an external barbican tower. It dates from the 1190s or early 13th century and was the first example of its type to be constructed in Ireland.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Apart from the keep, the main extant structures consist of the following: an early 14th-century three-towered fore work defending the keep entrance and including stables within it (accessed by a stone causeway crossing the partly filled-in ditch of the earlier ringwork); a huge late 13th-century three-aisled great hall (with an under croft beneath its east end opening via a water gate to the river); a stout defensive tower (turned into a solar in the late 13th century at the northern angle of the castle); a smaller aisled hall (added to the east end of the great hall in the 14th or 15th century); a building (possibly the mint) added to the east end of the latter hall; two 15th- or 16th-century stone buildings added inside the town gatehouse, 17th-century buildings (added to the end of the hall range and to the north side of the keep) and a series of lime kilns (one dating from the late 12th century, the remainder from the 18th and 19th centuries). AccessTrim Castle grounds are open to the public, on payment of an entry fee, every day from Easter Saturday to Halloween (31 October) from 10 a.m. Access to the Castle keep is via a 45-minute guided tour. In winter, the complex is open only on weekends and bank holidays. Popular cultureThe castle is noted for the part it played in the filming of the Mel Gibson-directed film Braveheart. ControversiesIn 2003 there was a controversy surrounding the decision by the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government Martin Cullen not to oppose the construction of a five-storey hotel across the road from the castle. The development had been condemned by a local councillor, a senior inspector in An Bord Pleanala (acting in a private capacity, and later choosing to withdraw his appeal lest it be considered a conflict of interest) and heritage bodies, many of whom had been critical of the government's treatment of other heritage sites such as Carrickmines Castle (the ruins of which were excavated partly to allow the completion of a roadway). The hotel was opened in August 2006. The recent addition of buildings (including offices for the OPW) outside the west side of the town has further intruded on the castle remains. See also
References1. ^Trim Castle, Meath Tourism-Ireland. http://www.meath.ie/Tourism/Heritage/HeritageSites/TrimCastle/ 2. ^Heritage Ireland: Trim Castle. {{cite web |url=http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/midlandseastcoast/TrimCastle/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-05-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523145512/http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/midlandseastcoast/TrimCastle/ |archivedate=23 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^'Trim Castle', in R. Butler, Some Notices of the Castle and of the Ecclesiastical Buildings of Trim, led from various authorities (Hodges, Smith & Co., Dublin 1861), pp. 9-134, at [https://archive.org/stream/somenoticesofcas00butl#page/12 pp. 13-14] and [https://archive.org/stream/somenoticesofcas00butl#page/238 pp. 238-39] (Internet Archive). 4. ^Butler, Some Notices, pp. 14-17. 5. ^Butler, Some Notices, [https://archive.org/stream/somenoticesofcas00butl#page/26 p. 27] (Internet Archive). 6. ^Butler, Some Notices, pp. 29-30. 7. ^Butler, Some Notices, pp. 30-33. 8. ^{{cite book|last=Duchas the Heritage Service (ed)|title=Trim Castle Co. Meath|year=2002|pages=20–26|isbn=0-7557-1282-X}} 9. ^Butler, Some Notices, [https://archive.org/stream/somenoticesofcas00butl#page/66 pp. 67-72] (Internet Archive). 10. ^Butler, Some Notices, [https://archive.org/stream/somenoticesofcas00butl#page/80 pp. 80-82] (Internet Archive). Sources
Further reading
External links{{Commons category}}
| width = 230px | headerimage = | model1 = [https://skfb.ly/S66W 3D model of Trim Castle] (linked at Sketchfab).}}{{Historic Irish houses}} 10 : Buildings and structures completed in 1224|Castles in County Meath|Norman architecture in Ireland|Ruins in the Republic of Ireland|Archaeological sites in County Meath|National Monuments in County Meath|Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland|Museums in County Meath|Trim, County Meath|De Lacy family |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。