请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Trimeresurus
释义

  1. Description

  2. Feeding

  3. Reproduction

  4. Venom

  5. Geographic range

  6. Species

  7. Taxonomy

  8. Gallery

  9. See also

  10. References

  11. Further reading

{{multiple issues|{{update|date=June 2012}}{{expert needed|reason=Validity of Protobothrops?|date=June 2012}}
}}{{Italic title}}{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Trimeresurus
| image = Bomboo Pit Viper Tremeresurus graminus.jpg
| image_caption = Bamboo pit viper, T. gramineus
| taxon = Trimeresurus
| authority = Lacépède, 1804
| synonyms = * Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804
  • Craspedocephalus
    Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
  • Trimeresura – Fleming, 1822
  • Craspedocephalus – Gray, 1825
  • Megaera Wagler, 1830
  • Atropos Wagler, 1830
  • Trimesurus Gray, 1842[1]

}}Trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in Asia from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China and the Pacific Islands. Currently at least 32 species are recognized.[2] Common names include Asian palm pit vipers,[3] Asian lanceheads and Asian lance-headed vipers.[4]

Description

Most species in the genus Trimeresurus are relatively small, primarily arboreal species, with thin bodies and prehensile tails. However, Trimeresurus flavoviridis (the Okinawa habu) can reach a total length (including tail) of 242 cm (7 ft 9 in), and is one of the longest pit vipers in East Asia. Most Trimeresurus species are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange, red, or gold markings.

Feeding

The diet of Trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals, including lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals.

Reproduction

Like most viper species, many of the species in the genus Trimeresurus are ovoviviparous, bearing live young. However, some species such as T. flavoviridis, T. kaulbacki, and T. macrolepis are oviparous, laying eggs. Also, the reproductive biology of some Trimeresurus species is as yet unknown.

Venom

Trimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans.

Geographic range

Species in the genus Trimeresurus are found in Southeast Asia from India including regions of North Chotanagpur of Jharkhand to southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor.[1]

Species

Species[2]Taxon author[2]Subsp.*[2]Common name[5]Geographic range[1]
T. albolabrisGray, 18420White-lipped pit viperIndia (Assam), Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, southern China (Fukien, Hainan, Kwangsi, Kwangtung), Hong Kong, West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Madoera, Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Sumba, Roti, Timor, Kisar, Wetar).
T. andalasensisDavid, Vogel, Vijaykumar & Vidal, 20060Sumatran palm pit viperIndonesia: Sumatra.
T. andersoniiTheobald, 18680Anderson’s pit viper, Andaman pit viperAndaman Islands, Nicobar Islands.
T. borneensis(W. Peters, 1872)0Bornean pit viperIndonesia: Borneo.
T. brongersmaiHoge, 19690Brongersma's pit viperIndonesia: Simalur Island.
T. cantori(Blyth, 1846)0Cantor's pit viperIndia: Nicobar Islands, and possibly the Andaman Islands.
T. cardamomensis(Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini, & Stuart, 2011)0Cardamom Mountains green pit viperSoutheastern Thailand, Koh Kong Province in Cambodia.
T. erythrurus(Cantor, 1839)0Red-tailed bamboo pit viperIndia (Assam and Sikkim), Bangladesh and Myanmar.
T. fasciatus(Boulenger, 1896)0Banded pit viperIndonesia: Djampea Island.
T. flavomaculatus(Gray, 1842)2Philippine pit viperPhilippine Islands: Agutayan, Batan, Camiguin, Catanduanes, Dinagat, Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros and Polillo.
T. gracilisŌshima, 19200Kikushi habuCentral Taiwan.
T. gramineusT(Shaw, 1802)0Bamboo pit viperSouthern India.
T. gumprechtiDavid, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal, 20020Gumprecht's green pit viperChina (Yunnan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
T. gunaleniVogel, David, & Sidik, 20140Gunalen’s pit viperSumatra.
T. hageni(Lidth de Jeude, 1886)0Hagen's pit viperPeninsular Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra and the nearby islands of Bangka, Simalur, Nias, Batu and the Mentawai Islands.
T. honsonensisGrismer, Ngo, & Grismer, 20080Hon Son pit viperSouthern Vietnam.
T. insularis(Kramer, 1977)0Sunda Island pit viper, White-lipped island pit viperIndonesia, Timor-Leste
T. kanburiensisM.A. Smith, 19430Kanburi pit viperThailand.
T. labialisSteindachner, 18670Nicobar bamboo pit viperIndia: Nicobar Islands.
T. macrolepisBeddome, 18620Large-scaled pit viperThe mountains of southern India.
T. macropsKramer, 19770Large-eyed pit viperThailand, Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
T. malabaricus(Jerdon, 1854)0Malabar rock pit viperSouthern and western India at 600-2,000 m elevation.
T. malcolmi(Loveridge, 1938)0Malcolm’s pit viperBorneo.
T. mcgregoriTaylor, 19190McGregor's pit viper, McGregor's tree viper, Philippine pit viperBatan Island, Philippines.
T. medoensisZhao, 19770Motuo bamboo pit viperNorthern India, northern Myanmar and China (southeastern Xizang).
T. mutabilisStoliczka, 18700Central Nicobar pit viper, Central Nicobar bamboo pit viperCentral Nicobar Island.
T. nebularis(Vogel, David, & Pauwels, 2004)0 Cameron Highlands pit viper, Clouded pit viperWest Malaysia (Cameron Highlands), Thailand.
T. phuketensisSumontha, Kunya, S.G. Pauwels, Nitikul & Punnadee, 2011 [6]0Phuket pit viperThailand: Phuket Island.
T. popeiorumM.A. Smith, 19372Popes' pit viperNorthern India, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia (Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands of Siberut, Sipora and North Pagai, and on the island of Borneo).
T. puniceus(Kuhl, 1824)0Flat-nosed pit viperSouthern Thailand, West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) and Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands of Siberut and North Pagai, Simalur and Java.
T. purpureomaculatus(Gray, 1832)0Mangrove pit viperBangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra).
T. rubeusMalhotra, 20110Ruby-eyed green pit viperCambodia (Mondulkiri), southern Vietnam.
T. sabahi(Regenass & Kramer, 1981)0Sabah bamboo pit viper, Sabah pit viperSabah, Sarawak
T. schultzeiGriffin, 19090Schultze's pit viperPhilippines: Palawan and Balabac.
T. septentrionalisKramer, 19770Nepal pit viper, Himalayan white-lipped pit viperBangladesh, India, Nepal
T. sichuanensisGuo & Wang, 20110Sichuan pit viperSichuan, China
T. stejnegeriSchmidt, 19252Stejneger's pit viperIndia (Assam), and Nepal through Myanmar and Thailand to China (Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Hainan, Fukien, Chekiang, Yunnan) and Taiwan.
T. strigatusGray, 18420Horseshoe pit viperThe hills of southern India.
T. sumatranus(Raffles, 1822)0Sumatran pit viperSouthern Thailand, West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak on Borneo) and Indonesia (Bangka, Billiton, Borneo, Sumatra and the nearby islands of Simalur, Nias, and possibly the Mentawai Islands [Sipora]).
T. tibetanusHuang, 19820Tibetan bamboo pit viperChina: Xiang (Tibet) Autonomous Region.
T. trigonocephalus(Donndorff, 1798)0Sri Lankan pit viperThroughout Sri Lanka from low elevations to about 1,800 m.
T. truongsonensisOrlov, Ryabov, Thanh, & Cuc, 20040Quang Binh pit viperCentral Vietnam
T. venustusVogel, 19910Beautiful pit viper, Brown-spotted pit viperSouthern Thailand
T. vogeliDavid, Vidal & Pauwels, 20010Vogel's pit viperCambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
T. wirotiTrutnau, 19810Wirot’s pit viperThailand, West Malaysia.
T. yunnanensisSchmidt, 19250Yunnan bamboo pit viperSouthern China
*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
T) Type species.[1]

Taxonomy

Additional species that may be recognized by other sources include:

  • T. barati Regenass & Kramer, 1981. Commonly called Barat's bamboo viper, found in Indonesia.
  • T. fucatus Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004. Commonly called the Siamese peninsula pit viper and found in southern Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia.

The genus Trimeresurus (sensu lato) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000, resulting in the recognition of additional genera within this complex. Most authors now recognise the genus Protobothrops for the species cornutus, flavoviridis, jerdonii, kaulbacki, mucrosquamatus, tokarensis, xiangchengensis,[7][8][9] since these have been shown not to be closely related to other Trimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses.

In addition, Malhotra and Thorpe (2004)[8] proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus, splitting Trimeresurus into seven genera. Their proposed arrangement (including species described since 2004) is shown in the table below:

Genus Species included
Trimeresurus andalasensis, borneensis, brongersmai, gramineus, malabaricus, puniceus, strigatus, trigonocephalus, wiroti
Cryptelytrops albolabris, andersonii, cantori, erythrurus, fasciatus, honsonensis (Hon Son Pit Viper), insularis, kanburiensis, labialis, macrops, purpureomaculatus, rubeus, septentrionalis, venustus
Himalayophis tibetanus
Parias flavomaculatus, hageni, malcolmi, mcgregori, schultzei, sumatranus
Peltopelor macrolepis
Popeia barati, buniana, fucata, nebularis, popeiorum, sabahi
Viridovipera gumprechti, medoensis, stejnegeri, truongsonensis, vogeli, yunnanensis

This new arrangement has been followed by many,[9][10] but not all[11] subsequent authors.

David et al. (2011) considered some of the genera of Malhotra & Thorpe to be subgenera of the genus Trimeresurus, creating new combinations such as "Trimeresurus (Parias) flavomaculatus", "Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum", "Trimeresurus (Viridovipera) stejnegeri", etc.[12]

Gallery

See also

  • List of crotaline species and subspecies
  • {{c|Trimeresurus by common name}}
  • {{c|Trimeresurus by taxonomic synonyms}}
  • {{c|Crotalinae by common name}}
  • {{c|Crotalinae by taxonomic synonyms}}
  • Snakebite

References

1. ^1 2 3 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).
2. ^1 2 3 {{ITIS |id=209553 |taxon=Trimeresurus |accessdate=27 September 2006}}
3. ^Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}.
4. ^United States Navy (1991). Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: U.S. Government / Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. {{ISBN|0-486-26629-X}}.
5. ^Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). Asian Pitvipers. First Edition. Berlin: GeitjeBooks. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}.
6. ^Sumontha M, Kunya K, Pauwels OSG, Nitikul A, Punnadee S (2011). "Trimeresurus (Popeia) phuketensis, a New Pitviper (Squamata: Viperidae) from Phuket Island, Southwestern Thailand". Russian Journal of Herpetology 18 (3): 11-17.
7. ^Kraus F, Mink DG, Brown WM (1996). "Crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Copeia 1996: 763-773.
8. ^1 Malhotra A, Thorpe RS (2004). "A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 83-100.
9. ^1 Castoe TA, Parkinson CL (2006). "Bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers (Viperidae: Serpentes)". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39: 91-110.
10. ^Grismer LL, Grismer JL, McGuire JA (2006). "A new species of pitviper of the genus Popeia (Squamata: Viperidae) from Pulau Tioman, Pahang, West Malaysia". Zootaxa 1305: 1-19.
11. ^Vogel G (2006). Venomous Snakes of Asia / Giftschlangen Asiens. Frankfurt am Main: Terralog, Edition Chimaira.
12. ^David, Patrick; Vogel, Gernot; Dubois, Alain (2011). "On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)". Zootaxa 2992: 1-51.

}}

Further reading

  • Lacépède BG (1804). "Mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la Nouvelle-Hollande dont la description n'a pas encore été publiée ". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 4: 184-211. (Trimeresurus, new genus, p. 209). (in French).
{{Wikispecies|Trimeresurus}}{{Commons category|Trimeresurus}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q2465602}}

3 : Snake genera|Trimeresurus|Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/17 21:06:02