“Troma Entertainment”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In 2012, the company officially released many of its films on YouTube.^[3] Troma has produced, acquired and distributed over 1,000 independent films since its creation.^[4] Its slogan in 2014 was "40 years of Disrupting Media".^[5] Another slogan the company has used is "Movies of the Future."^[6]

Company information

Troma films are B-movies known for their surrealistic or automatistic nature, along with their use of shocking imagery; some would categorize them as "shock exploitation films". They typically contain overt sexuality, nudity, and intentionally sadistic, gory, and blatant graphic violence, so much that Troma film has become a term synonymous with these characteristics. Troma reuses the same props, actors, and scenes repeatedly, sometimes to save money. At a certain point, however, this became another hallmark of Troma. Examples include a severed leg, a penis monster, and the flipping and exploding car filmed for the movie Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D., which is used in place of any other car that needs to crash and explode.

Troma produced or acquired early films featuring several rising talents, such as Carmen Electra (The Chosen One), Billy Bob Thornton (Chopper Chicks in Zombietown), Vanna White (Graduation Day), Kevin Costner (Sizzle Beach, U.S.A.), J. J. Abrams (Nightbeast), Samuel L. Jackson (Def by Temptation), Marisa Tomei (The Toxic Avenger), Michael Jai White (The Toxic Avenger Part II), Vincent D'Onofrio (The First Turn-On!), David Boreanaz (Macabre Pair of Shorts), Paul Sorvino (Cry Uncle!), James Gunn (Tromeo and Juliet), Trey Parker and Matt Stone (Cannibal! The Musical), before they were discovered. Another Academy Award-winning director, Oliver Stone, made his debut as an actor in The Battle of Love's Return.

Their latest productions, Return to Nuke 'Em High Vol.1 and its sequel Return to Return to Nuke Em High AKA Vol 2, were released in 2013 and 2018, respectively.

History of Troma Studios

In the mid-1970s, Kaufman and Herz began producing, directing, and distributing raunchy sex comedies such as The First Turn-On! and Squeeze Play!. Troma provided production support for Louis Malle's My Dinner With Andre, for which Kaufman served as a production manager.^[7]^[8]^[9]

In 1985, Troma had a hit with the violent comedy horror superhero film The Toxic Avenger. The film went on to become Troma's most popular, spawning sequels and an animated television program. However, following the financial demise of the company Troma itself, the sequels to the film were box office bombs, and the cartoon adaptation quickly ended. The Toxic Avenger character is now Troma's official mascot.

Kaufman's follow-up film to The Toxic Avenger was Class of Nuke 'Em High, co-directed with Richard W. Haines. The film was a hit nearly as successful, though it inspired two unsuccessful sequels, both following the financial demise of Troma. At one time, it was the highest-selling VHS release for Troma.

Soon after Class of Nuke 'Em High was completed and distributed, Kaufman directed Troma's War. Intended as a criticism of what it saw as Ronald Reagan's attempt to glamorize war, the story concerns a group of everyday people who crash land on a remote island, only to find it populated by an isolationist militia that intends to overthrow the US government. Troma's War was a box office bomb. In the aftermath of the film's poor performance, despite another stab at the superhero genre with Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D., Troma experienced financial hardship and tried to reestablish itself as a smaller company mostly out of necessity.

Today, the majority of Troma films are viewed for the first time on VHS or DVD, with some theatrical releases for their films in smaller art houses, college campuses, and independent cinemas.

In August 2012, Troma released over 100 of its back catalog films on YouTube, many for free, some for 48-hour paid viewing.^[11]

Work since 1995

From 1995 to 2000, Troma had a period of creativity and produced some of their greatest work. Kaufman directed three independent films, all distributed in limited theatrical releases: Tromeo and Juliet, a loose parody of Shakespeare's play; Terror Firmer, a slasher film loosely based on Kaufman's book All I Need to Know about Filmmaking I Learned from The Toxic Avenger, and an independent film sequel to The Toxic Avenger trilogy titled The Toxic Avenger IV.

Troma's financial hardship worsened after the botched funding of a low-budget video feature titled Tales from the Crapper, which cost $250,000 despite most of the footage being completely unusable.^[12] India Allen, one of the producers, backed out of the film halfway through, and sued Troma, citing breach of contract, slander, sexual harassment, trade slander, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Kaufman supervised a reshoot in an attempt to salvage the film, dividing the footage into two parts and recasting the film as a double feature. Tales from the Crapper was released on DVD in September 2004.

Currently, Troma produces and acquires independent films, despite financial hardships and limitations. Troma Films has distributed many films from third parties including Trey Parker's Cannibal! The Musical. Lloyd encourages independent filmmaking, making cameo appearances in many low-budget horror films, occasionally without fee. Among his more recent appearances is in former collaborator James Gunn's directing debut, Slither, and Guardians of the Galaxy.

Kaufman's long-time editor Gabriel Friedman co-directed and wrote the screenplay to his follow-up film, Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead, a musical zom-com which made its official New York premiere on May 9, 2008 (although the film had previewed numerous times on single screens for over a year). The film opened to positive reviews from Entertainment Weekly and The New York Times.^[13] Financially, Poultrygeist was a box office disappointment, with a low-box office draw of only $22,623 against a budget of more than $450,000 (estimated)^[14] The feature film was released in 2006 in theaters and in 2008 on DVD.^[15]

During the winter of 2010/2011, Troma produced a feature-length film Father's Day, which Kaufman calls "a response film to Mother's Day".^[16] The film was written and directed by the Canadian filmmaking team Astron-6, debuting October 21, 2011, at the Toronto After Dark Film Festival where it took home the top prize of BEST FILM, as well as five other awards.^[17] In 2012 Father's Day was featured on the cover of Rue Morgue magazine^[18] and won Best Feature Film, Best Director, Best Male Performance, and Best Special Effects at The Fantastic Planet/A Night of Horror International film festival.^[19] This is a rare and impressive feat for a film that cost only ten thousand dollars to make.^[20] On October 31, 2012, Father's Day was refused classification in Australia, which makes it effectively illegal to sell or exhibit the film.^[21] A second censored version was eventually passed with an R18+ rating.^[22]

Troma goes Hollywood

On April 7, 2010, Kaufman confirmed that a PG-13 remake of The Toxic Avenger was happening and will be produced by Akiva Goldsman. It actually is not the first attempt at a general audience-friendly version of the franchise, as Make Your Own Damn Movie noted a prior deal with New Line in the early 90s for a live-action take on the Toxic Crusaders. Another 1980s Troma classic, Mother's Day will also receive a remake and will be directed by Darren Lynn Bousman and produced by Brett Ratner. At the time Kaufman also said that he was negotiating a deal for a remake of Class of Nuke 'Em High. Shortly after, Troma and Starz Entertainment entered into agreement for the production of Return to Nuke Em High as a two-volume title. The first volume was released in theaters and on home video release.^[23] The second volume, delayed due to funding issues, was stated on its Kickstarter website in January 2017 to be nearing completion.^[24]

Other work

Troma holds the annual Tromadance Festival in Park City, Utah at the same time as the Sundance Festival to accentuate their true independence from the mainstream. The festival screens submitted movies from independent filmmakers from around the world, the best of which are usually released on DVD by Troma or compiled in the Best of Tromadance series. In parallel, Troma acts as adviser to aspiring filmmakers with Kaufman teaching classes, contributing cameos and often releasing the finished films on DVD. 2009 marked the last time Tromadance was held in Utah; the festival was subsequently relocated to Asbury Park, New Jersey. Additionally, Tromadance adjusted its annual schedule to take place in April rather than in January as in previous years. In 2014, the festival moved to New York City and took place in June.

Kaufman has also had some success with several non-fiction books and a novelization of The Toxic Avenger. Released in 1998, All I Need to Know about Filmmaking I Learned from The Toxic Avenger is an autobiography of sorts co-written with James Gunn. This book was significant to those interested in Troma and Kaufman because it signified the first time a book had chronicled the history of the company, its films and its iconic figurehead. Kaufman continued to draw on his experiences as Troma chief in the "how-to" filmmaking books Make Your Own Damn Movie!, Direct Your Own Damn Movie!, Produce Your Own Damn Movie! and Sell Your Own Damn Movie!. A DVD box set has been released to coincide with release of each of the three books. In the video series, Kaufman interviews famous and infamous filmmakers about various filmmaking subjects.

In 2006 a novelization of The Toxic Avenger was released. It was co-written by Kaufman and long time Troma employee Adam Jahnke.

Films distributed by Troma

Also see List of Troma Team Video Titles for a complete list of films distributed by Troma Entertainment. Below is a list of some Troma distributed films.

Films formerly distributed by Troma

Some titles which have at one time, or another, been distributed by Troma Inc. have left the catalog. For instance, My Neighbor Totoro was originally released by Troma's subsidiary 50th Street Films, but only for a short time, and only for U.S. theatrical release. Others were briefly licensed for distribution on VHS such as Femme Fontaine Killer Babe for the C.I.A. which was one of Troma Team Video's original launch titles along with Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D. and Class of Nuke 'em High Part III: The Good, The Bad and The Subhumanoid. Some titles, such as Maniac Nurses Find Ecstasy, are included on this list because they were previously listed but no longer appear in Troma's catalog.^[25]

Sub-divisions

Tromaville

Most of the films made by Troma Entertainment take place in the fictional New Jersey city of Tromaville which is the "Toxic Chemical Capital of the World." Examples include the Toxic Avenger films and the Class of Nuke-Em High films. Another film worth mentioning takes place in "post apocalyptic" Tromaville Titled A Nymphoid Barbarian In Dinosaur Hell.

References

1. ^{{cite news | url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/columns/culturebusiness/4140/ | title=Horror Showman | work=New York Magazine | date=November 27, 2000 | first= | last= | accessdate = 2009-07-24}}
2. ^http://www.thedailyhorror.com/newsblog/category/troma-sektion/
3. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.troma.com/news/4859/youtube-troma-channel-now-presents-many-tromazing-movies-for-free/ | title= Troma Celebrates Upcoming 40th Anniversary by Giving Fans Free Movies on Troma YouTube Channel | website= Troma.com | date=December 6, 2012 | first= | last= | accessdate = 2014-01-01}}
4. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.troma.com/faqs/ | website= Troma.com| title= FAQs| date= | access-date= }}
5. ^{{cite news| url= http://www.topangamessenger.com/story_detail.php?ArticleID=8214| title= FILM: First-Person Review: B.C. Butcher| work= Topanga Messenger |date= April 7, 2016| first= Miranda| last= Robin | access-date= February 8, 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.kungfunecktie.com/event/1090013-troma-entertainment-philadelphia/ | website= KungFuNecktie.com| title= Kung Fu Necktie| publisher= Troma Entertainment| date= 2016 | access-date= February 8, 2017}}
7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IIwGgReVGIC&pg=PA196&dq=lloyd+kaufman+my+dinner+with+andre&hl=en&ei=ZLC9TrvEN6-KsALO74GvBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Make Your Own Damn Movie!: Secrets of a Renegade Director|first= Lloyd|last= Kaufman|first2= Adam|last2= Jahnke |first3= Trent|last3= Haaga |publisher=L.A. Weekly Books |page=196 |year=2003 |isbn=978-0312288648 |accessdate=2012-09-03}}
8. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHZyAQDhfsMC&pg=PA118&dq=lloyd+kaufman+my+dinner+with+andre&hl=en&ei=ZLC9TrvEN6-KsALO74GvBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=lloyd%20kaufman%20my%20dinner%20with%20andre&f=false |title=Fifty Filmmakers: Conversations With Directors from Roger Avary to Steven Zaillian| first= Andrew J.|last= Rausch |editor-first= Michael |editor-last= Dequina |publisher= McFarland |page=118|year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0786431496 |accessdate=2012-09-03}}
9. ^{{cite journal| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-eDfuEXUHp8C&pg=PA70&dq=lloyd+kaufman+my+dinner+with+andre&hl=en&ei=ZLC9TrvEN6-KsALO74GvBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=lloyd%20kaufman%20my%20dinner%20with%20andre&f=false |title= Kings of the B's| work= Spin| volume= 3| number= 6| publisher= SPIN media; online at Google Books |page=70|date=September 1987 |accessdate=2012-09-03}}
10. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/theatre/article/734739--toxic-avenger-found-his-bard-in-bon-jovi | title=Toxic Avenger found his bard in Bon Jovi | first=Richard | last=Ouzounian | authorlink=Richard Ouzounian | newspaper=Toronto Star | date=2009-12-06 | accessdate=2010-10-28 }}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Schlockmeister Troma's back catalog hits YouTube |work=The Register|date=August 31, 2012|first=Simon |last=Sharwood |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/08/31/troma_trove_on_youtube/ |accessdate=2012-09-02}}
12. ^{https://www.popmatters.com/the-art-of-ploys-four-terrific-troma-documentaries-2496206525.html
13. ^{{cite news| url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/movies/09poul.html | work= The New York Times | first=Nathan | last=Lee | accessdate=2010-05-11 | title=Going for the Finger-Licking Gusto | date=2008-05-09}}
14. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=poultrygeist.htm| title= Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead| website= BoxOfficeMojo.com| access-date= February 8, 2017| publisher= IMDb}}
15. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20202024,00.html| title=Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead |work= Entertainment Weekly| date=May 22, 2008 | first= | last=| accessdate = 2009-07-24}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Na0H_0dKwO0 |title=Lloyd Kaufman on Father's Day movie! (part one) |publisher=YouTube |date=2010-08-06 |accessdate=2012-09-03}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://torontoafterdark.com/2011/award-winners-2011 |title=Award Winners 2011 |publisher= Toronto After Dark Film Festival 2011 |website= torontoafterdark.com |date=2011-11-04 |accessdate=2012-09-03}}
18. ^Rue Morgue March 2012 cover (JPG). Listal.com.
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fantasticplanetfilmfestival.com/2012_winners.htm |title=Fantastic Planet/A Night Of Horror - Award Winners 2012 |publisher=Fantasticplanetfilmfestival.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-03}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://astron-6.com/fathersday.html |title=Father's Day | website= Astron-6.com |date=2011-10-21 |accessdate=2012-09-03}}
21. ^{{cite news| url= http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/dad-rape-maple-syrup-and-friendship-movie-banned-20121102-28ol2.html| title= 'Dad rape, maple syrup and friendship' movie banned| first= Karl| last= Quinn |work= The Sydney Morning Herald | publisher= Fairfax Media| date= November 2, 2012| access-date= February 8, 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.refused-classification.com/censorship/films/fathers-day-2011.html| title= Film Censorship: Father's Day (2011)| website= refused-classification.com | date= | access-date= December 29, 2013}}
23. ^{{cite web| deadurl= yes| url= http://www.fearnet.com/news/b18715_He_Finally_Hit_Puberty___The_Toxic_Avenger__Remake_Confirmed.html?intcid=search_all_toxic-avenger | title= He Finally Hit Puberty! 'The Toxic Avenger' Remake Confirmed| website= fearnet.com| publisher= Horror Entertainment, LLC| date= April 7, 2010| first= Lawrence P.| last= Raffel| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120405123015/http://www.fearnet.com/news/b18715_He_Finally_Hit_Puberty___The_Toxic_Avenger__Remake_Confirmed.html?intcid=search_all_toxic-avenger| archivedate= April 5, 2012| access-date= February 8, 2017}}
24. ^{{cite web| url= https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/return2nukeemhigh2/return-to-nuke-em-high-volume-2-by-troma-entertain/posts/1788403| title= Update from Tromaville! We're nearly there! | website= Kickstarter.com| publisher= Troma Entertainment | date= January 20, 2017| access-date= February 8, 2017}}
25. ^{{cite web| title= Films| url= http://www.troma.com/films/| website= Troma.com| date= | access-date= }}
26. ^{{cite book| title= All I Need to Know About Filmmaking I Learned From The Toxic Avenger| first1= Lloyd| last1= Kaufman | first2= James| last2= Gunn| year= 2008| isbn= 9780425163573| publisher= Berkley Boulevard Books}}