“Trona”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Trona (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate, also sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate, Na₂CO₃•NaHCO₃•2H₂O) is a non-marine evaporite mineral.^[3]^[4] It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production.

Etymology

The word entered English by way of either Swedish ({{lang|sv|trona}}) or Spanish ({{lang|es|trona}}), with both possible sources having the same meaning as in English. Both of these derive from the Arabic trōn, which in turn derives from the Arabic natron, and Hebrew {{lang|he|נטרן|rtl=yes}} (natruna), which comes from ancient Greek {{lang|grc|νιτρον}} (nitron), derived ultimately from ancient Egyptian ntry (or nitry).

Natural deposits

Trona has also been found in magmatic environments.^[11] Research has shown that trona can be formed by autometasomatic reactions of late-magmatic fluids or melts (or supercritical fluid-melt mixtures), with earlier crystallized rocks within the same plutonic complex, or by large-scale vapor unmixing in the very final stages of magmatism.^[11]

Crystal structure

The crystal structure of trona was first determined by Brown et al. (1949).^[12] The structure consists of units of 3 edge-sharing sodium polyhedra (a central octahedron flanked by septahedra), cross-linked by carbonate groups and hydrogen bonds. Bacon and Curry (1956)^[13] refined the structure determination using two-dimensional single-crystal neutron diffraction, and suggested that the hydrogen atom in the symmetric (HC₂O₆)³⁻ anion is disordered. The environment of the disordered H atom was later investigated by Choi and Mighell (1982)^[14] at 300 K with three-dimensional single-crystal neutron diffraction: they concluded that the H atom is dynamically disordered between two equivalent sites, separated from one another by 0.211(9) Å. The dynamically disordered H atom was reinvestigated at low temperature by O'Bannon et al. 2014^[15] and they concluded that it does not order at temperatures as low as 100K.

Uses of trona

Mining operations

See also

References

1. ^Handbook of Mineralogy
2. ^Mindat
3. ^¹Webmineral data
4. ^Mineral galleries {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408050047/http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/carbonat/trona/trona.htm |date=2005-04-08 }}, 2008
5. ^C. Michael Hogan (2008) Makgadikgadi, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
6. ^Wyoming Mining Association (2017). [https://www.wyomingmining.org/minerals/trona/ Wyoming Mining Association: Trona Mining] Wyoming Mining Association. Retrieved on 2017-10-25.
7. ^Manega, P.C., Bieda, S., 1987. Modern sediments of Lake Natron, Tanzania. Sciences Geologiques. Bulletin 40, 83–95.
8. ^Eckardt, F. D., Drake, N., Goudie, A. S., White, K., & Viles, H. (2001). The role of playas in pedogenic gypsum crust formation in the Central Namib Desert: a theoretical model. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26(11), 1177–1193.
9. ^Helvaci, C., 1998. The Beypazari trona deposit, Ankara Province, Turkey. In: Dyni, J.R., Jones, R. W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the first international soda-ash conference; Volume II, v. 40: Laramie, WY, Public Information Circular – Geological Survey of Wyoming, pp. 67–103.
10. ^Zhang, Youxun, 1985. Geology of the Wucheng trona deposit in Henan, China. In: Schreiber, B.C., Warner, H.L. (Eds.), Sixth international symposium on salt, 1, pp. 67–73.
11. ^¹Markl, G., and Baumgartner, L. (2002) pH changes in peralkaline late-magmatic fluids. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144, 331–346.
12. ^Brown, C.J., Peiser, H.S., and Turner-Jones, A. (1949) The crystal structure of sodium sequicarbonate. Acta Crystallographica, 2, 167–174.
13. ^Bacon, G.E., and Curry, N.A. (1956) A neutron-diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate. Acta Crystallographica, 9, 82–85.
14. ^Choi C.S., and Mighell A.D., (1982) Neutron diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate. Acta Crystallographica, B38, 2874–2876.
15. ^O'Bannon, E., Beavers, C. M., & WIllIams, Q. (2014). Trona at extreme conditions: A pollutant-sequestering material at high pressures and low temperatures. American Mineralogist, 99(10), 1973–1984.
16. ^Kong Y., and Wood M.D. (2010) Dry injection of trona for SO3 control. Power, 154, 114–118.
17. ^Sutcu H., and Eker Y. (2013) The removal of sulfur from Dursunbey and Iskilip lignites in Turkey, using natural trona: 1. The effect of the thermal method. Energy Sources Part A-Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects, 35, 83–91.
18. ^Yoo M., Han S.J., and Wee J.H. (2013) Carbon dioxide capture capacity of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, Journal of Environmental Management, 114, 512–519.
19. ^Ekosse, G.I.E. (2010) X-ray diffraction study of kanwa used as active ingredient in achu soup in Cameroon. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 7928–7929.
20. ^Nielsen, J.M. (1999) East African magadi (trona): Fluoride concentration and mineralogical concentration. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 29, 423–428.
21. ^¹²³{{cite web|title=2015 Wyoming Mines State Inspector Annual Report|url=http://www.wyomingworkforce.org/_docs/mines/ar/2015.pdf|accessdate=2017-10-25|ref=wy-2015annualreport|date=2016-03-25|page=58}}