| 词条 | Tropical kingbird |
| 释义 |
| name = Tropical kingbird | image = Tropical kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus).JPG | image_caption = T. m. melancholicus The Pantanal, Brazil | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Tyrannus | species = melancholicus | authority = (Vieillot, 1819) | range_map = Tyrannus melancholicus map.svg }} The tropical kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) is a large tyrant flycatcher. This bird breeds from southern Arizona and the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the United States through Central America, South America as far as south as central Argentina and western Peru, and on Trinidad and Tobago. Birds from the northernmost and southern breeding areas migrate to warmer parts of the range after breeding. Description and ecologyAn adult tropical kingbird is {{convert|22|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|39|g|oz|abbr=on}}. The head is pale gray, with a darker eye mask, an orange crown stripe, and a heavy gray bill. The back is grayish-green, and the wing and forked tail are brown. The throat is pale gray, becoming olive on the breast, with the rest of the underparts being yellow. The sexes are similar, but young birds have pale buff edges on the wing coverts. The call is a high-pitched twittering trill, tree-e-e-e-e-e-e, with a more complex version sung by the male at dawn. Their breeding habitat is semi-open areas with trees and shrubs, including gardens and roadsides. Tropical kingbirds like to observe their surroundings from a prominent open perch, usually high in a tree, undertaking long sally flights to acrobatically catch insects in mid-air (hawking), sometimes hovering to pick food off vegetation (gleaning).[2][3] They also eat some fruit from such diverse species as tamanqueiro (Alchornea glandulosa), the Annonaceae, Cymbopetalum mayanum and gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba);[3][4] foraging for these even in disturbed habitat. As they keep mainly to the upper levels of trees, they find little profit in following mixed-species feeding flocks in the understory.[5] These birds aggressively defend their territory against intruders, even much larger birds such as magnificent frigatebirds, toucans, caracaras or hawks. In a study in Parque Nacional de La Macarena of Colombia, parasitism by microfilariae and trypanosomas (presumably T. everetti) was infrequently recorded in Tropical Kindbirds.[6] They make a flimsy cup nest in a tree. The female incubates the typical clutch of two or three cream-colored eggs, which are marked with reddish-brown, for 16 days, with about 18–19 further days to fledging. Widespread, common and adaptable, the tropical kingbird is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[1] References1. ^1 {{IUCN|id=22700485 |title=Tyrannus melancholicus |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^de A. Gabriel, Vagner & Pizo, Marco A. (2005): Foraging behavior of tyrant flycatchers (Aves, Tyrannidae) in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22 (4): 1072–1077 [English with Portuguese abstract]. {{doi|10.1590/S0101-81752005000400036}} PDF fulltext 3. ^1 Pascotto, Márcia Cristina (2006): Avifauna dispersora de sementes de Alchornea glandulosa (Euphorbiaceae) em uma área de mata ciliar no estado de São Paulo [Seed dispersal of Alchornea glandulosa (Euphorbiaceae) by birds in a gallery forest in São Paulo, southeastern Brazil.]. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14 (3): 291–296 [Portuguese with English abstract]. PDF fulltext {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102015357/http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/ararajuba/artigos/Volume143/ara143not5.pdf |date=2010-11-02 }} 4. ^Foster, Mercedes S. (2007): The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico. Bird Conservation International 17 (1): 45–61. {{doi|10.1017/S0959270906000554}} 5. ^Machado, C. G. (1999): A composição dos bandos mistos de aves na Mata Atlântica da Serra de Paranapiacaba, no sudeste brasileiro [Mixed flocks of birds in Atlantic Rain Forest in Serra de Paranapiacaba, southeastern Brazil]. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59 (1): 75–85 [Portuguese with English abstract]. {{doi|10.1590/S0034-71081999000100010}} PDF fulltext 6. ^Basto, Natalia; Rodríguez, Oscar A.; Marinkelle, Cornelis J.; Gutierrez, Rafael & Matta, Nubia Estela (2006): Haematozoa in birds from la Macarena National Natural Park (Colombia). Caldasia 28 (2): 371–377 [English with Spanish abstract]. PDF fulltext External links{{Commons category|Tyrannus melancholicus}}{{Wikispecies|Tyrannus melancholicus}}
8 : Tyrannidae|Tyrannus (genus)|Birds of Central America|Birds of Mexico|Birds of South America|Birds of the U.S. Rio Grande Valleys|Native birds of the Southwestern United States|Birds described in 1819 |
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