“Vietnamese numerals”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Historically Vietnamese has two sets of numbers: one is etymologically native Vietnamese; the other uses Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary. In the modern language the native Vietnamese vocabulary is used for both everyday counting and mathematical purposes. The Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary is used only in fixed expressions or in Sino-Vietnamese words. This is somewhat analogous to the way in which Latin and Greek numerals are used in modern English (e.g., the bi- in bicycle). Sino-Vietnamese words are also used for units of ten thousand or above, where native vocabulary was lacking.

Concept

Among the languages of the Chinese cultural sphere, Japanese and Korean both use two numerical systems, one native and one Chinese-based. The Chinese-based vocabulary is the one in common use. In Vietnamese, on the other hand, the Chinese-based system is not in everyday use. Numbers from 1 to 1000 are expressed using native Vietnamese vocabulary, and only a few numbers (such as 1,000,000, {{lang|vi|triệu}}) are based on Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary.

In the modern Vietnamese writing system, numbers are written in the romanized script quốc ngữ or Arabic numerals. Prior to the 20th century Vietnam officially used Classical Chinese as a written language, using Chinese characters to write Sino-Vietnamese numbers. For non-official purposes Vietnamese also had a writing system known as Hán-Nôm. Under this system, Sino-Vietnamese numbers were written in Hán tự (Chinese characters) and native vocabulary was written in a system of modified Chinese characters known as Chữ Nôm.

Basic figures

The following table is an overview of the basic Vietnamese numeric figures, provided in both Native and Sino-Viet forms. For each number, the form that is more commonly used is highlighted. Where there are differences between the Hanoi and Saigon dialects of Vietnamese, readings between each are differentiated below within the notes.

Number

Sino-Vietnamese

Native Vietnamese

Notes

Quốc Ngữ

Hán tự

Quốc Ngữ

Chữ Nôm

vi|空 • 〇（零）}}

(none)

vi|zêrô (zêro, dê-rô)}}" is often used in physics-related publications, or colloquially.

vi|nhất}}

vi|一（壹）}}

vi|𠬠}}

vi|nhị}}

vi|二（貳）}}

vi|𠄩}}

vi|tam}}

vi|三（叄）}}

vi|𠀧}}

vi|tứ}}

vi|四（肆）}}

vi|𦊚}}

vi|tư／四}}" is more systematic; as the digit 4 appears after the number 20 when counting upwards, the Sino-Viet "{{lang|vi|tư／四}}" is more commonly used.

vi|ngũ}}

vi|五（伍）}}

vi|𠄼}}

vi|năm/𢆥}}", meaning "year".

vi|lục}}

vi|六（陸）}}

vi|𦒹}}

vi|thất}}

vi|七（柒）}}

vi|𦉱}}

vi|bẩy}}".

vi|bát}}

vi|八（捌）}}

vi|𠔭}}

vi|cửu}}

vi|九（玖）}}

vi|𠃩}}

vi|thập}}

vi|十（拾）}}

vi|𨒒}}

Chục is used colloquially. "Ten eggs" may be called một chục trứng rather than mười trứng. It's also used in compounds like mươi (e.g.: hai mươi/chục "twenty").

100

vi|bách}}

vi|百（佰）}}

vi|𤾓 • 𠬠𤾓}}

vi|bách／百}}" is commonly used as a morpheme (in compound words), and is rarely used in the field of mathematics as a digit. Example: "{{lang|vi|bách phát bách trúng／百發百中}}".

1,000

vi|thiên}}

vi|千（仟）}}

vi|𠦳 • 𠬠𠦳}}

vi|thiên／千}}" is commonly used as a morpheme, but rarely used in a mathematical sense. Example: "{{lang|vi|thiên kim／千金}}". "{{lang|vi|nghìn}}" is the standard reading in Northern Vietnam, whilst "{{lang|vi|ngàn}}" is the pronunciation in the South.

10,000

vi|vạn • một vạn}}

vi|萬 • 𠬠萬}}

vi|𨒒𠦳}}

vi|một／𠬠}}" within "{{lang|vi|một vạn／𠬠萬}}" is a Native Vietnamese (intrinsic term) morpheme.

100,000

vi|ức • một ức • mười vạn}}^[2]

vi|億 • 𠬠億 • 𨒒萬}}

vi|𤾓𠦳 • 𠬠𤾓𠦳}}

vi|mười／𨒒}}" and "{{lang|vi|một／𠬠}}" within "{{lang|vi|mười vạn／𨒒萬}}" and "{{lang|vi|một ức／𠬠億}}" are Native Vietnamese (intrinsic term) morphemes.

1,000,000

{{lang|vi|triệu • một triệu • một trăm vạn}}^[3]

vi|兆 • 𠬠兆 • 𠬠𤾓萬}}

(none)

vi|một／𠬠}}" and "{{lang|vi|trăm／𤾓}}" within "{{lang|vi|một triệu／𠬠兆}}" and "{{lang|vi|một trăm vạn／𠬠𤾓萬}}" are Native Vietnamese (intrinsic term) morphemes.

10,000,000

vi|𨒒兆}}

(mixed usage of Sino-Viet and Native Viet systems)

vi|mười／𨒒}}" within "{{lang|vi|mười triệu／𨒒兆}}" is a Native Vietnamese (intrinsic term) morpheme.

100,000,000

vi|𤾓兆}}

(mixed usage of Sino-Viet and Native Viet systems)

vi|trăm／𤾓}}" within "{{lang|vi|trăm triệu／𤾓兆}}" is a Native Vietnamese (intrinsic term) morpheme.

1,000,000,000

vi|秭}}^[4]

(none)

10¹²

vi|𠦳秭}}

(mixed usage of Sino-Viet and Native Viet systems)

10¹⁵

vi|兆秭}}

(none)

10¹⁸

vi|秭秭}}

(none)

Other figures

Number

Quốc Ngữ

Hán-Nôm

Notes

vi|mười một}}

vi|𨒒𠬠}}

vi|mười hai • một tá}}

vi|𨒒𠄩 • 𠬠 tá}}

vi|một tá／𠬠 tá}}" is often used within mathematics-related occasions, to which "{{lang|vi|tá}}" represents the foreign loanword "dozen".

vi|mười bốn • mười tư}}

vi|𨒒𦊚 • 𨒒四}}

vi|mười tư／𨒒四}}" is often used within literature-related occasions, to which "{{lang|vi|tư／四}}" forms part of the Sino-Viet vocabulary.

vi|mười lăm}}

vi|𨒒𠄻}}

vi|lăm}}", or also "{{lang|vi|nhăm}}" by some speakers in the north.

vi|mười chín}}

vi|𨒒𠃩}}

vi|hai mươi • hai chục}}

vi|𠄩𨒒 • 𠄩𨔿}}

vi|hai mươi mốt}}

vi|𠄩𨒒𠬠}}

vi|mốt}}".

vi|hai mươi tư}}

vi|𠄩𨒒四}}

vi|tư／四}}".

vi|hai mươi lăm}}

vi|𠄩𨒒𠄻}}

vi|lăm}}".

vi|năm mươi • năm chục}}

vi|𠄼𨒒 • 𠄼𨔿}}

vi|𨒒}}" (10) appears after the number 20, the pronunciation changes to "{{lang|vi|mươi}}".

101

vi|một trăm linh một • một trăm lẻ một}}

vi|𠬠𤾓零𠬠 • 𠬠𤾓𥘶𠬠}}

vi|một trăm linh một／𠬠𤾓零𠬠}}" is the standard form, it is more commonly used in Northern Vietnam, where "{{lang|vi|linh／零}}" forms part of the Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary; "{{lang|vi|một trăm lẻ một／𠬠𤾓𥘶𠬠}}" is more commonly used in the South.

1001

vi|một nghìn (ngàn) không trăm linh một • một nghìn (ngàn) không trăm lẻ một}}

vi|𠬠𠦳空𤾓零𠬠 • 𠬠𠦳空𤾓𥘶𠬠}}

vi|không trăm／空𤾓}}".

10055

vi|mười nghìn (ngàn) không trăm năm mươi lăm}}

vi|𨒒𠦳空𤾓𠄼𨒒𠄻}}

Ordinal numbers

Vietnamese ordinal numbers are generally preceded by the prefix "{{lang|vi|thứ}}", which is a Sino-Viet word which corresponds to "{{lang|vi|次}}". For the ordinal numbers of one and four, the Sino-Viet readings "{{lang|vi|nhất／一}}" and "{{lang|vi|tư／四}}" are more commonly used; two is occasionally rendered using the Sino-Viet "{{lang|vi|nhì／二}}". In all other cases, the native Vietnamese number is used.

Ordinal number

Quốc Ngữ

Hán-Nôm

1st

vi|thứ nhất}}

vi|次一}}

2nd

vi|thứ hai • thứ nhì}}

vi|次𠄩 • 次二}}

3rd

vi|thứ ba}}

vi|次𠀧}}

4th

vi|thứ tư}}

vi|次四}}

5th

vi|thứ năm}}

vi|次𠄼}}

nth

vi|thứ "n"}}

vi|次 "n"}}

Footnotes

1. ^Triệu means one million in Vietnamese, but the Chinese number that is the source of the Vietnamese word, "兆" (Mandarin zhào), is officially rendered as 10¹² in Taiwan, and commonly designated as 10⁶ in the People's Republic of China (See various scale systems).
2. ^Tu dien Han Viet Thieu Chuu{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}：「{{lang|vi|(1): ức, mười vạn là một ức.}}」
3. ^Tu dien Han Viet Thieu Chuu{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}：「{{lang|vi|(3): triệu, một trăm vạn.}}」
4. ^Hán Việt Từ Điển Trích Dẫn 漢越辭典摘引：「Một ngàn lần một triệu là một tỉ 秭 (*). Tức là 1.000.000.000. § Ghi chú: Ngày xưa, mười vạn 萬 là một ức 億, một vạn ức là một tỉ 秭.」

Concept

Basic figures

Other figures

Ordinal numbers

Footnotes

See also