| 词条 | Tsarskoye Selo | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Tsarskoye Selo ({{lang-rus|Ца́рское Село́|p=ˈtsarskəɪ sʲɪˈlo|a=Ru_Tsarskoye_Selo.ogg}}, "Tsar's Village") was the town containing a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting nobility, located {{convert|24|km|sp=us}} south from the center of Saint Petersburg.[1] It is now part of the town of Pushkin. Tsarskoye Selo forms one of the World Heritage site Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. During the Soviet times it was known as Detskoye Selo. HistoryIn the 17th century, the estate belonged to a Swedish noble. Its original Finnish name is usually translated as "a higher ground". Max Vasmer, on the other hand, derives this toponym from the Finnish word for island, "saari": "Saaren kylä" = "Island village". By the 18th-century at the latest, it was called "Tsarskoye Selo" (Russian, "the Czar's village").{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} In 1708, Peter the Great gave the estate to his wife, the future Empress Catherine I, as a present. She founded the Blagoveschensky (Annunciation) church there in 1724, and changed the name of the settlement to Blagoveschenskoye, but this did not stand the test of time and quickly went out of use. It was Catherine I who started to develop the place as a royal country residence. Her daughter, Empress Elizabeth and her architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli were largely responsible for the building of the Catherine Palace. Later Empress Catherine II of Russia and her architect Charles Cameron extended the palace building that is now known as the Cameron Gallery. Currently, there are two imperial palaces: the baroque Catherine Palace with the adjacent Catherine Park and the neoclassical Alexander Palace with the adjacent Alexander Park. The Catherine Palace is surrounded by a Garden à la française and an English landscape garden, with such 18th-century structures as Dutch Admiralty, Creaking Pagoda, Chesme Column, Rumyantsev Obelisk and Marble Bridge. The landscape Alexander Park has several Chinoiserie structures, notably the Chinese Village. By the end of the 18th century, Tsarskoye Selo became a popular place of summer residence among the nobility. The guards' regiments were stationed to the south of Tsarskoye Selo, where Catherine the Great founded in the 1770s the town of Sophia (her own German name being Sophie). The five-domed neoclassical Ascension Cathedral, designed by Cameron, is the chief monument of that area. The Royal Forestry School, perhaps the first such school in Russia, was founded in Tsarskoye Selo in 1803; it was moved to Saint Petersburg in 1811, to become the Imperial Forestry Institute.[2] In 1808, Sophia and Tsarskoye Selo merged and became one town. In 1811, Alexander I opened the celebrated Lyceum next door to the Catherine Palace. Among the first students of the Lyceum who graduated in 1817 were Aleksandr Pushkin and Alexander Gorchakov. Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin also graduated from the Lyceum. The Lyceum garden, the house of the Lycee Director, the house of Ludwig-Wilhelm Tepper de Ferguson, Lyceum music teacher belong to important historic sites associated with the Lyceum of Pushkin's time. The literary traditions of Tsarskoye Selo were continued in the 20th century by such notable poets as Anna Akhmatova and Innokenty Annensky. The town escaped the 19th century industrialization, although it was between Tsarskoye Selo and St. Petersburg that the first Russian railway was built in 1837, Tsarskoye Selo Railway. It was also known for its powerful government radio station that was set up here in 1917. After his return not long after abdicating in early 1917, former Emperor Nicholas II was held under arrest in his favourite residence, the Alexander Palace, until departing, never to return, on 1st August 1917 with his family. In 1918, Tsarskoye Selo (Tsar's Village) was renamed by the Bolsheviks into Detskoye Selo (Children's Village) and in 1937 it was renamed again to the town of Pushkin, thus commemorating the centenary of the poet's death. On September 17, 1941, the Germans occupied the town of Pushkin, destroying and plundering many historical monuments, buildings and other cultural artifacts, including the famous Amber Room. The Red Army liberated the town on January 24, 1944. After the war, reconstruction began on Tsarskoye Selo; many rooms in the Catherine Palace have been restored, but much work on the palatial church and the Alexander Palace is still under way. Nickname for elite Soviet neighborhoodsUnder the Soviet Union the nickname "the Czar's village" came to be attached to blocks and small neighborhoods that housed the nomenklatura (Soviet elites). Their stores were better stocked, although they were still affected by Soviet-era shortages. The buildings in the neighborhoods were better designed, constructed and maintained. One such neighborhood, west of Moscow, contained less industry and more parks than any other neighborhood.[3] GallerySee also
References1. ^{{Cite book|last=Jabado|first=Salwa|author2=Fodor's |title=Fodor's Moscow and St. Petersburg|publisher=Random House|year=2008|location=New York|pages=292|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4QDSqAkhy0C&lpg=PA292&dq=Tsarskoye%20Selo&pg=PA292#v=onepage&q=Tsarskoye%20Selo&f=false|isbn=1-4000-0717-8}} 2. ^St. Petersburg Encyclopedia. Accessed: May 6, 2012. 3. ^Masha Gessen, (2017). [The Future Is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia] Further reading
External links{{Commons category}}{{EB1911 Poster|Tsarskoye Selo}}
11 : Tsarskoye Selo|Palaces in Russia|Gardens in Russia|Royal residences in Russia|World Heritage Sites in Russia|Charles Cameron buildings|History of forestry education|Forestry in Russia|1905 Russian Revolution|Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute|Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg |
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