词条 | Virginia Douglas |
释义 |
Douglas served as the president of the Canadian Psychological Association in 1971. Over the course of her career she has received numerous honors and awards, including the Canadian Psychological Association Gold Medal for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Canadian Psychology in 2004. Early lifeDouglas was born in London, Ontario. Douglas attended Smiths Falls High School in Smiths Falls, Ontario. After graduating, she moved to Kingston to study at Queen’s University. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in 1948, only discovering the subject of psychology in the final year of her undergraduate degree. Douglas attended the University of Michigan, where she completed two master's degrees: one in social work and the other in psychology. She obtained her PhD in psychology in 1958. CareerDuring graduate school, her interests focused on defense mechanisms in adults. However, after moving to Montreal to take a position as a professor at McGill University, she was required to complete a clinical workshop at the Montreal Children's Hospital. Influenced by this workshop, her research interests shifted to the study of ADHD, which was, at the time, referred to as hyperkinesis.[2] While at McGill, she met Donald Hebb, an influential Canadian psychologist specializing in neuropsychology. She cited him as an important professional influence: “When I developed an interest in childhood hyperactivity while working at the Montreal Children’s Hospital, I found several of my colleagues at McGill interested in the questions I wanted to answer, and ready to help. Although I had been warned that Donald Hebb, a world-renowned physiological psychologist, was ‘anti-clinical’, he proved to be a gently ironic source of wisdom and perspective”.[2] In 1971, in a Presidential Address to the Canadian Psychological Association, Douglas presented her theory that deficits in sustained attention and impulse control were more likely to account for the difficulties of children with hyperkinesis than hyperactivity. Based on her research at the Montreal Children’s Hospital, Douglas argued that children with the disorder experienced deficits in sustained attention that could even emerge under conditions where no distractions existed. Douglas’s research and ideas were published the following year in the seminal article Stop, look and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children.[3] This paper became the most cited in the field and shifted the focus of hyperkinesis research from hyperactivity to attentional problems.[4] In 1980, with the advent of the DSM-III, Douglas was one of the researchers responsible for the inclusion of ADD with or without hyperactivity. This new definition allowed children with purely attentional deficits greater access to medical resources.[5] WorkDouglas's research on ADHD expanded to the areas of learning, perception, cognition, memory, and neuropsychology. Following her paper, “Stop, look, and listen”,[3] Douglas proposed a three-component model of self-regulation to explain the cognitive and motor deficits associated with ADHD. The three components were attentional, inhibitory, and strategic or organizational.[6] Douglas theorized that deficits in any one of these components might contribute to the difficulties experienced by individuals with ADHD.
Douglas emphasized the importance of correctly identifying which of the three components underlies symptom-related behaviour in any given individual with ADHD. For example, performance failure may be falsely attributed to executive problems (e.g. working memory) when the fundamental problem is a deficit in attention (e.g. the effortful aspect of cognitive processing) or inhibitory control (e.g. the inability to inhibit a prepotent response).[6] Douglas also pushed for the use of rigorous, laboratory-based measures to identify specific deficits in the three self-regulatory components.[6] Douglas’s more recent research has focused on pharmacotherapy, and, more specifically, on the effects of methylphenidate on task performance, impulsivity, cognitive training, and reinforcement in children with ADHD.[7][8] Awards
References1. ^http://thecenterofattentionforadd.com/history-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/ {{DEFAULTSORT:Douglas, Virginia}}2. ^1 {{Citation| last = Douglas| first = Virginia I.| year = 1984| title = This Week’s Citation Classic| journal = Current Contents| issue = 1| publication-date = 1984-10-29| page = 16| url = http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1984/A1984TN32300001.pdf}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal| last = Douglas| first = Virginia I.| authorlink = Virginia I. Douglas| title = Stop, look and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children.| journal = Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science| volume = 4| issue = 4| pages = 259–282| publisher = University of Toronto Press| location = Canada| date = Oct 1972| url = http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0082313| issn = 1879-2669| accessdate = 10 Nov 2014| doi=10.1037/h0082313}} 4. ^{{cite book| last1 = Barkley | first1 = Russell A.| first2 = Kevin R. | last2 = Murphy| title = Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder| publisher = The Guilford Press| edition = Third| date = 3 Nov 2005| location = US| pages = 13| isbn = 978-1593852276}} 5. ^{{cite journal| last = Lakoff| first = Andrew| authorlink = Andrew Lakoff| title = Adaptive Will: the Evolution of Attention Deficit Disorder| journal = Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences| volume = 36| issue = 2| pages = 149–169| publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc.| date = Spring 2000| url = http://www.sociology.ucsd.edu/faculty/docs/adaptivewill.pdf| accessdate = 10 Nov 2014| doi=10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(200021)36:2<149::aid-jhbs3>3.0.co;2-9}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite journal| last = Douglas| first = Virginia I.| authorlink = Virginia I. Douglas| title = Cognitive Deficits in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Long-Term Follow-Up.| journal = Canadian Psychology| volume = 46| issue = 1| pages = 23–31| publisher = Canadian Psychological Association| location = Canada| date = Feb 2005| url = http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0085821| issn = 1878-7304| accessdate = 10 Nov 2014| doi=10.1037/h0085821}} 7. ^Smith, Matthew (2014). Hyperactive: The Controversial History of ADHD. Reaktion Books; Reprint edition. {{ISBN|978-1780233352}}. 8. ^http://www.psych.mcgill.ca/faculty/douglas.html 9. ^1 http://reporter-archive.mcgill.ca/Rep/r3104/convocation.html 8 : 1927 births|Living people|Canadian psychologists|People from London, Ontario|McGill University faculty|Queen's University alumni|University of Michigan alumni|Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder researchers |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。