The subfamily includes two distinct groups of ferns: the adiantoids, consisting of the single genus Adiantum, and the vittarioids, several genera, including Vittaria, which typically have highly reduced leaves, usually entire, and an epiphytic habit.
The following diagram shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between the Vittarioideae and other subfamilies of the Pteridaceae.[1][2]
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%
|label1 = Pteridaceae
|1={{clade
|1=Cryptogrammoideae
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Ceratopteridoideae
|2=Pteridoideae}}
|2={{clade
|1=Cheilanthoideae
|2=Vittarioideae}} }} }}
}}The first suprageneric classification based on Vittaria was made by Carl Borivoj Presl in 1836, who erected the tribe Vittariaceae to contain the genera Vittaria and Prosaptia, the latter now included in the grammitid ferns. He invented the new genus Haplopteris to accommodate another group of simple-leaved ferns separated from Pteris, but placed it in tribe Adiantaceae instead, due to the location of its sori just behind the leaf margin.[3]
In his 1911 treatment of the tribe, Ralph Benedict adopted a circumscription similar to modern treatments, within which he recognized the genera Ananthacorus, Anetium, Antrophyum, Hecistopteris, Monogramma, Polytaenium, and Vittaria. He described Radiovittaria as a subgenus of Vittaria, subsumed Scoliosorus within Polytaenium as doubtfully worthy of subgeneric rank, while Rheopteris had not yet been discovered.[4] Haplopteris he explicitly synonymized with Vittaria in 1914.[5]
Carl Christensen used the name "Vittarioideae" in Verdoorn's Manual of Pteridology in 1938, but did not include a description, leaving it nomenclaturally invalid. Ren-Chang Ching raised Vittariaceae to the rank of a family in 1940.[6] The first well-sampled molecular phylogenetic study of the vittarioids was based on the chloroplast gene rbcL. In this study, it was found that the type species of Monogramma is embedded in Haplopteris; the segregation of Vaginularia from Monogramma was also supported, as members of Vaginularia formed a clade sister to Rheopteris and distant from Monogramma sensu stricto.[7] A later molecular phylogeny, published in 2016, established the genus Antrophyopsis (formerly a subgenus of Antrophyum) for three species placed in Scoliosorus but more distant from the type of that genus than Antrophyum. This treatment also sank Anetium into Polytaenium and Monogramma into Haplopteris.[8] Since the name Monogramma has taxonomic priority over Haplopteris, a proposal to reject Monogramma in favor of Haplopteris has been put forth to conserve the name and comparatively stable circumscription of Haplopteris.[9]
The following phylogeny for the currently recognized genera of the subfamily was presented by Schuettpelz et al.:
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%
|label1 = Vittarioideae
|1={{clade
|1=Adiantum
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Rheopteris
|2=Vaginularia}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Hecistopteris
|2=Radiovittaria}}
|2=Haplopteris (including Monogramma s.s.)}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Antrophyopsis
|2=Antrophyum}}
|2={{clade
|1=Polytaenium
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Scoliosorus
|2=Ananthacorus}}
|2=Vittaria}} }} }} }} }} }}
}} References
1. ^Schuettpelz & Pryer (2008) "Fern phylogeny" in Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ed. Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler. Cambridge University Press 2008
2. ^Schuettpelz et al. (2007) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820183832/http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier1047.pdf |date=2008-08-20 }} Eric Schuettpelz, Harald Schneider, Layne Huiet, Michael D. Windham, Kathleen M. Pryer: "A molecular phylogeny of the fern family Pteridaceae: Assessing overall relationships and the affinities of previously unsampled genera." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 (2007) 1172–1185
3. ^{{cite book | last=Presl | first=Carl Borivoj | authorlink=Carl Borivoj Presl | title=Tentamen Pteridologiae | year=1836 | publisher=Filiorum Theophili Haase | location=Prague | pages=141, 164 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32643995}}
4. ^{{cite journal | last=Benedict | first=Ralph C. | title=The genera of the fern tribe Vittarieae | journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club | volume=38 | issue=4 | year=1911 | pages=153–190 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12617283| doi=10.2307/2479298 | jstor=2479298 }}
5. ^{{cite journal | last=Benedict | first=Ralph C. | title=A revision of the genus Vittaria J. E. Smith | journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club | volume=41 | issue=8 | year=1914 | pages=391–410 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12697291| doi=10.2307/2479721 | jstor=2479721 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | last=Ching | first=Ren-Chang | title=On natural classification of the family Polypodiaceae | journal=Sunyatsenia | volume=5 | year=1940 | page=232}}
7. ^Bradley Ruhfel, Stuart Lindsay, and Charles C. Davis. 2008. "Phylogenetic Placement of Rheopteris and the Polyphyly of Monogramma (Pteridaceae s.l.): Evidence from rbcL Sequence Data". Systematic Botany 33(1):37-43, {{doi|10.1600/036364408783887410}}
8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Schuettpelz |first1=Eric |last2=Chen |first2=Cheng-Wei |last3=Kessler |first3=Michael |last4=Pinson |first4=Jerald B. |last5=Johnson |first5=Gabriel |last6=Davila |first6=Alex |last7=Cochran |first7=Alyssa T. |last8=Huiet |first8=Layne |last9=Pryer |first9=Kathleen M. |title=A revised generic classification of vittarioid ferns (Pteridaceae) based on molecular, micromorphological, and geographic data |journal=Taxon |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=708–722 |date=August 2016 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2016/00000065/00000004/art00004|doi=10.12705/654.2 }}
9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Cheng Wei |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Lindsay |first3=Stuart |last4=Middleton |first4=David J.|title=Proposal to conserve the name Haplopteris against Monogramma (Pteridaceae)|journal=Taxon |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=884–885 |date=August 2016|doi=10.12705/654.19 }}
10. ^1 2 {{cite journal |first1=Maarten J. M. |last1=Christenhusz |authorlink1=Maarten J. M. Christenhusz |first2=Xian-Chun |last2=Zhang |first3=Harald |last3=Schneider |year=2011 |title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns |journal=Phytotaxa|volume=19|pages=7–54 |url=http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 }}