“Tube map”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Tube map (sometimes called the London Underground Map or the TFL Services Map) is a schematic transport map of the lines, stations and services of the London Underground, known colloquially as "the Tube", hence the map's name. The first schematic Tube map was designed by Harry Beck in 1931.^[1] Since then, it has been expanded to include more of London's public transport systems, including the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, TfL Rail, Tramlink and the Emirates Air Line cable car.

As a schematic diagram, it does not show the geographic locations but rather the relative positions of the stations, lines, the stations' connective relations, and fare zones. The basic design concepts have been widely adopted for other such maps around the world,^[2] and for maps of other sorts of transport networks and even conceptual schematics.^[3]

A regularly updated version of the map is available from the official Transport for London website.^[4] In 2006, the tube map was voted one of Britain's top 10 design icons which included Concorde, Mini, Supermarine Spitfire, K2 telephone box, World Wide Web and the AEC Routemaster bus.^[5]^[6]

History

Early maps

As London's early transport system was operated by a variety of independent companies, there were no complete maps of the network, just for the individual companies' routes. These maps were not typically schematic and were simply the line overlaid on a regular city map. There was no integration of the companies' services, nor was there any co-operation in advertising.

In 1907, The Evening News commissioned a pocket map titled The Evening News London "Tube Map". This map was the first to show all of the lines with equal weight given to each line. In addition, it was the first to use a different colour for each line.^[7]

Another early combined map was published in 1908 by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) in conjunction with four other underground railway companies using the "Underground" brand as part of a common advertising factor.^[8]

The map showed eight routes – four operated by the UERL and one from each of the other four companies:

Being geographical presented restrictions in this early map; to enable sufficient clarity of detail in the crowded central area of the map, the extremities of the District and Metropolitan lines were omitted, so a full network diagram was not provided. The problem of truncation remained for nearly half a century. Although all of the western branches of the District and Piccadilly lines were included for the first time in 1933 with Harry Beck's first proper Tube map, the portion of the Metropolitan line beyond {{lus|Rickmansworth}} did not appear until 1938 and the eastern end of the District line did not appear until the mid-1950s.

The route map continued to be developed and was issued in various formats and artistic styles until 1920, when, for the first time, the geographic background detail was omitted in a map designed by MacDonald Gill.^[9] This freed the design to enable greater flexibility in the positioning of lines and stations. The routes became more stylised but the arrangement remained, largely, geographic in nature. The 1932 edition was the last geographic map to be published, before Beck's diagrammatic map was introduced.

Beck's maps

The first diagrammatic map of London's rapid transit network was designed by Harry Beck in 1931.^[1] Beck was a London Underground employee who realised that because the railway ran mostly underground, the physical locations of the stations were largely irrelevant to the traveller wanting to know how to get from one station to another — only the topology of the route mattered. This approach is similar to that of electrical circuit diagrams; while these were not the inspiration for Beck's maps, his colleagues pointed out the similarities and he once produced a joke map with the stations replaced by electrical circuit symbols and names, with terminology such as "Bakerlite" for the Bakerloo line.^[10]

To this end, Beck devised a simplified map, consisting of stations, straight line segments connecting them, and the River Thames; lines ran only vertically, horizontally, or on 45-degree diagonals. To make the map clearer and to emphasise connections, Beck differentiated between ordinary stations (marked with tick marks) and interchange stations (marked with diamonds). London Underground was initially sceptical of his proposal — it was an uncommissioned spare-time project, and it was tentatively introduced to the public in a small pamphlet in 1933. However, it immediately became popular, and the Underground has used topological maps to illustrate the network ever since.

Despite the complexity of making the map, Beck was paid just ten guineas for the artwork and design of the card edition (five guineas for the poster).^[11] After its initial success he continued to design the Tube map until 1960, a single (and unpopular) 1939 edition by Hans Scheger being the only exception.^[12] During this time, as well as accommodating new lines and stations, Beck continually altered the design, for example changing the interchange symbol from a diamond to a circle, as well as altering the line colours – the Central line from orange to red, and the Bakerloo line from red to brown. Beck's final design, in 1960, bears a strong resemblance to the present-day map. Beck lived in Finchley, north London, and one of his maps is still preserved on the southbound platform at Finchley Central station on the Northern line.^[13]

In 1997, Beck's importance was posthumously recognised, and as of 2013 the statement is printed on every Tube map: "This diagram is an evolution of the original design conceived in 1931 by Harry Beck".

After Beck

By 1960, Beck had fallen out with the Underground's publicity officer, Harold Hutchison. Hutchison, though not a designer himself, drafted his own version of the Tube map that year. It removed the smoothed corners of Beck's design and created some highly cramped areas (most notably around Liverpool Street station); in addition, lines were generally less straight.^[14] However, Hutchison also introduced interchange symbols (circles for Underground-only, squares for connections with British Rail main line services) that were black and allowed multiple lines through them, as opposed to Beck who used one circle for each line at an interchange, coloured according to the corresponding line.

In 1964, the design of the map was taken over by Paul Garbutt who, like Beck, had produced a map in his spare time due to his dislike of the Hutchison design. Garbutt's map restored curves and bends to the diagram, but retained Hutchison's black interchange circles (the squares however were replaced with circles with a dot inside). Garbutt continued to produce Underground maps for at least another 20 years — Tube maps stopped bearing the designer's name in 1986, by which time the elements of the map bore a very strong resemblance to today's map.^[15]

While the standard Tube map mostly avoided representing main line services, a new variant of the map issued in 1973, the "London's Railways" map, was the first to depict Tube and above-ground main line rail services in a diagrammatic style closely matched to Beck's designs. This version was created by Tim Demuth of the London Transport publicity office and was jointly sponsored by British Rail and London Transport. Demuth's map did not replace the standard Tube map but continued to be published as a supplementary resource, later known as the "London Connections" map.^[16]

Some alterations have been made to the map over the years. More recent designs have incorporated changes to the network, such as the Docklands Light Railway and the extension of the Jubilee line. It has also been expanded to include routes brought under Transport for London control such as TfL Rail, and to indicate which Tube stops connect with National Rail services, links to airports, and River Services. In some cases, stations within short walking distance are now shown, often with the distance between them, such as {{rws|Fenchurch Street}}'s distance from {{lus|Tower Hill}} (this is an evolution of the pedestrian route between Bank and Monument stations, which was once prominently marked on the map). Further, step-free access notations are also incorporated in the current map.

In addition, since 2002 the fare zones have been added to help passengers judge the cost of a journey. Nevertheless, the map remains true to Beck's original scheme, and many other transport systems use schematic maps to represent their services, likely inspired by Beck. A facsimile of Beck's original design is on display on the southbound platform at his local station, Finchley Central.{{cn|date=February 2019}}

Despite there having been many versions over the years, somehow the perception of many users is that the current map actually is, more or less, Beck's original version from the 1930s — a testament to the effectiveness of his design. Beck did actually draw versions with other formats, 22½ degrees rather than 45 (the Paris Métro version uses 22½ degrees as a base); and an unused version for the 1948 Olympic Games{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}.

One of the major changes to be made to the revision of the Tube map put out in September 2009 was the removal of the River Thames. Although historically the river was not present on several official maps (for example, according to David Leboff and Tim Demuth's book; in 1907, 1908, and 1919), from 1921 it was absent for several years (on pocket maps designed by MacDonald Gill). The Thames-free 2009 version was the first time that the river has not appeared on the Tube map since the Stringemore pocket map of 1926. This latest removal resulted in widespread international media attention,^[17]^[18] and general disapproval from most Londoners as well as from the then Mayor of London, Boris Johnson.^[19] Based on this reaction, the following edition of the diagram in December 2009 reinstated both the river and fare zones.

In more recent years, TfL has expanded its rail services, notably with the expansion of the London Overground network, which has taken over a number of National Rail lines and brought them into the TfL network, each of these converted lines being added to the Tube map. Further additions have been made such as the Emirates Air Line cable car and the boundaries of fare zones. Some commentators have suggested that Beck's design should be replaced with a new design that can incorporate the new lines more comfortably.^[20]

Technical aspects

The designers of the map have tackled a variety of problems in showing information as clearly as possible and have sometimes adopted different solutions.

The font for the map, including station names, is Johnston, which uses perfect circles for the letter 'O'. This is historic and the generic font for all TfL uses, from station facades to bus destination blinds.^[21]

Line colours

The table below shows the changing use of colours since Beck's first map. The current colours are taken from Transport for London's colour standards guide,^[22] which defines the precise colours from the Pantone palette, and also a colour naming scheme that is particular to TfL. Earlier maps were limited by the number of colours available that could be clearly distinguished in print. Improvements in colour printing technology have reduced this problem and the map has coped with the identification of new lines without great difficulty.

Dashed lines have at various times indicated lines with limited service, lines under construction or lines closed for renovation.

Station marks

From the start, interchange stations were given a special mark to indicate their importance, though its shape has changed over the years. In addition, from 1960, marks were used to identify stations that offered connections with British Rail (now National Rail). The following shapes have been used:

Since 1970 the map has used a reversed (red on white) British Rail "double arrow" beside the station name to indicate main line interchanges. Where the main line station has a different name from the Underground station that it connects with, since 1977 this has been shown in a box. The distance between the Tube station and the main line station is now shown.

Contemporary maps have marked stations offering step-free access with a blue circle containing a wheelchair symbol in white.

Stations with links to airports (Heathrow terminals 1, 2, 3, terminal 4, and terminal 5 for Heathrow airport, and the DLR station at City airport) are shown with a black aeroplane symbol.

Since 2000, stations with a nearby interchange to river bus piers on the Thames have been marked with a small boat symbol to promote London River Services.

When Eurostar services used {{Stnlnk|Waterloo International}}, the Eurostar logo was shown next to Waterloo station. In November 2007 the terminus was transferred to St. Pancras International.

Lines or services

The Tube map aims to make the complicated network of services easy to understand, but it is not possible to have complete information about the services that operate on each line.

Limited-service routes have sometimes been identified with hatched lines, with some complications added to the map to show where peak-only services ran through to branches, such as that to Chesham on the Metropolitan line. The number of routes with a limited service has declined in recent years as patronage recovered from its early-1980s low point. As there are now fewer restrictions to show, the remaining ones are now mainly indicated in the accompanying text rather than by special line markings.

Official versions of the map

The Tube map exists to help passengers navigate the London rapid transit network and it has been questioned whether it should play a wider role in helping people navigate London itself. The question has been raised as to whether mainline railways should be shown on the map, in particular those in inner-London. The Underground has largely resisted adding additional services to the standard Tube map, instead producing separate maps with different information, including:

Maps are produced in different sizes, the most common being Quad Royal (40 × 50 inches^[25]) poster size and Journey Planner pocket size. The maps showing all the National Rail routes provide useful additional information at the expense of considerably increased complexity, as they contain almost 700 stations.

Non-Underground lines on the standard map

When Transport for London expanded its London Overground service to include the East London Line in 2010, the East London line (extended to Croydon) changed from a solid orange line to a double orange stripe. According to 2007 proposals, the addition of the South London Line to London Overground was due to add the southern loop onto future tube maps in late 2010,^[27] and, as of May 2013, it is up and running.

Underground lines on geographically accurate maps

Like many other rapid transit maps,{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} because the Tube map ignores geography, it may not accurately depict the relative orientation and distance between stations.^[28]

Transport for London formerly published several bus maps that depicted the approximate paths of tube routes relative to major streets and London bus routes.^[29] These maps also show locations of certain cultural attractions and geographic landmarks.

Internet mapping services (e.g. Google Maps) offer a "Transit Layer" showing actual routes superimposed on the standard street map. A map shows underground, overground and DLR lines and National Rail stations within Zone 1-2.^[30]

The website carto.metro offers extremely detailed maps showing individual tracks, platforms, yards, turning loops, abandoned lines, etc., in their geographical position.^[31]

Spin-offs and imitations

The 'look' of the London Underground map (including 45 degree angles, evenly spaced 'stations', and some geographic distortion) has been emulated by many other subway systems around the world.^[32]^[33] While London Underground have been protective of their copyright they have also allowed their concepts to be shared with other transport operators (Amsterdam's GVB even pays tribute to them on their map).^[34]

The success of the tube map as a piece of information design has led to many imitations of its format. What is probably the earliest example is the Sydney Suburban and City Underground railway map of 1939. Not only does it follow Beck's styling cues, but in size, design and layout it is a near-clone to the London map of the late 1930s, right down to the use of the Underground roundel.^[35]^[36]

In 2002, Transport for London launched a series of London Buses "spider diagrams" to display at bus stops around the city, conveying bus route information in a schematic style similar to Beck's design,^[37] with straight lines and 45° angles depicting geographically distorted bus routes, coloured lines and numbers to differentiate services, and graphical markers to show bus stops. Tube and rail lines are not included, but interchanges are denoted with appropriate symbols by bus stop names, such as the Tube roundel. Unlike the traditional Tube map, the bus maps display services appropriate to specific transport hubs rather than a full network. Each map also contains a central rectangle of a simple, geographically accurate street map to display the positions of bus stops; outside this rectangle, the only geographic feature to appear on the bus maps is the River Thames. These maps are also available for electronic download, with map collections ordered by London borough.^[38] The bus maps were designed for TfL by the cartographic design company T-Kartor group.^[39]

In 2009, British Waterways produced their own map of London's waterways in a Tube-style diagrammatic map, depicting the River Thames, the various canals and subterranean rivers in the city.^[41]

Attempts to create alternative versions to the official London Underground map have continued. In June 2011, British Designer Mark Noad unveiled his vision for a more 'geographically accurate' London Underground map.^[42] The map is an attempt to see if it is possible to create a geographically-accurate representation of the underground system while still retaining some of the clarity of Beck's original diagram. It uses similar principles, fixed line angles – in this case 30 and 60 degrees instead of 45 – and shortens the extremities of the lines to make it more compact.^[43] In 2013, Dr Max Roberts, a psychology lecturer at the University of Essex with a particular interest in usability, information design and schematic mapping, issued his own version of the Tube map. His design, based on a series of concentric circles, emphasised the concept of the newly completed orbital loop surrounding Central London with radial lines.^[44] A map created to illustrate Tube-related articles on Wikipedia in 2014 was praised for its clarity and for including future developments such as Crossrail.^[45]^[46]

In July 2015, a map of the network displaying walking calorie burn information for each leg was published by Metro newspaper.^[47]

Cultural references

The design has become so widely known that it is now instantly recognisable as representing London. It has been featured on T-shirts, postcards, and other memorabilia. In 2006, the design came second in a televised search for the most well known British design icon.^[48] It is widely cited by academics and designers as a 'design classic'^[2]^[49]^[50]^[51] and it is due to these cultural associations that London Underground does not usually permit the design to be used or altered for any other purpose.^[52] This has only been officially sanctioned on a few occasions:

Stylistic aspects of the London diagram, such as the line colours and styles, the station ticks or interchange symbols, are also frequently used in advertising.

See also

References

1. ^¹1933 map {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819052946/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clive.billson/tubemaps/1933.html |date=19 August 2007 }} from {{ cite web| title = A History of the London Tube Maps| url = http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clivebillson/tube/tube.html| accessdate = 7 February 2009}}
2. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.design-technology.info/designers/page35.htm |title=Harry Beck and the London Underground Map – The background to the designing of a 'Design Icon' – London Underground Map changing through time but remaining true to Beck's original principle – Designers & Designing – Design & Technology On The Web support resource for students and teachers of Design & Technology at KS3, KS4, A-Level and beyond |publisher=Design-technology.info |date= |accessdate=9 January 2013}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/3/24/8267637/subway-style-maps |title=15 subway-style maps that explain everything but subways |publisher=vox.com |date= |accessdate=5 April 2015}}
4. ^Tube map - TfL Website
5. ^{{cite news|title=Long list unveiled for national vote on public's favourite example of Great British Design|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/01_january/27/culture.shtml|agency=BBC|date=18 November 2016}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Concorde voted the UK's top icon|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4814088.stm|agency=BBC|date=18 November 2016}}
7. ^ from {{cite web|url=http://bryarsandbryars.co.uk/colouring-inside-lines-2/|title=Colouring Inside the Lines 2 - Bryars & Bryars<|accessdate=18 November 2016}}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Badsey-Ellis |first=Antony |title=London's Lost Tube Schemes |year=2005 |publisher=Capital Transport |isbn=1-85414-293-3 |pages=282–283}}
9. ^1920 map {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207141711/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clive.billson/tubemaps/1920.html |date=7 February 2009 }} from {{cite web |title=A History of the London Tube Maps |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clivebillson/tube/tube.html |accessdate=7 February 2009 }}
10. ^Train, Omnibus and Tram Staff Magazine, March 1933 – {{cite book |last=Garland |first=Ken |title=Mr Beck's Underground Map |publisher=Capital Transport |year=1994 |page=25 |isbn=1-85414-168-6}}
11. ^{{cite book |last=Garland |first=Ken |title=Mr Beck's Underground Map |publisher=Capital Transport |year=2003 |page=19 |isbn=1-85414-168-6}}
12. ^¹1939 map {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200738/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clive.billson/tubemaps/1939.html |date=19 August 2007 }} from {{cite web |title=A History of the London Tube Maps |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clivebillson/tube/tube.html |accessdate=7 February 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/647ex9NXN?url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clive.billson/tubemaps/1939.html |archivedate=22 December 2011 }}
13. ^1960 map from {{cite web |title=A History of the London Tube Maps |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clivebillson/tube/tube.html |accessdate=7 February 2009}}
14. ^1963 map {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819034035/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clive.billson/1963.html |date=19 August 2007 }} from {{cite web |title=A History of the London Tube Maps |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clivebillson/tube/tube.html |accessdate=7 February 2009 }}
15. ^1986 map {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819052721/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clive.billson/1986.html |date=19 August 2007 }} from {{cite web |title=A History of the London Tube Maps |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/clivebillson/tube/tube.html |accessdate=7 February 2009 }}
16. ^{{cite book |last=Garland |first=Ken |title=Mr Beck's Underground Map |publisher=Capital Transport |year=1998 |isbn=1-85414-168-6 }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theworld.org/2009/09/18/thames-missing/ |title=Thames missing | PRI's The World |publisher=Theworld.org |date=18 September 2009 |accessdate=9 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910044710/http://www.theworld.org/2009/09/18/thames-missing/ |archivedate=10 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
18. ^ {{dead link|date=January 2013}}
19. ^{{cite news |author=Patrick Barkham |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/sep/17/london-new-tube-map-thames |title=New London Tube Map 17 September 2009 |publisher=Guardian |date=17 September 2009 |accessdate=9 January 2013}}
20. ^{{cite web |last1=Elledge |first1=Jonn |title=London’s iconic tube map is 84 years old. It’s time to scrap it |url=http://www.citymetric.com/transport/london-s-iconic-tube-map-84-years-old-it-s-time-scrap-it-1085 |website=CityMetric |publisher=New Statesman |accessdate=6 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320222952/http://londonist.com/2013/02/will-there-always-be-a-tube-map.php |archivedate=20 March 2015 |date=29 May 2015 |deadurl=no}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/media/fonts/ |title=Font requests | Transport for London |publisher=Tfl.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=18 April 2013}}
22. ^¹{{cite web |title=TfL Colour Standards |publisher=TfL |date=2 March 2007 |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/media/designstandards/assets/downloads/tfl/ColourStandardsIssue02.pdf |accessdate=22 January 2008 |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228103621/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/media/designstandards/assets/downloads/tfl/ColourStandardsIssue02.pdf |archivedate=28 February 2008}} -- Now superseded by Version 4
23. ^London Transport Underground Maps; sub-pages are for specific years
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_services/maps/ |title=National Rail Enquiries - Maps |publisher=Nationalrail.co.uk |date= |accessdate=9 January 2013}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ltmcollection.org/posters/results/results.html?IXsearchformat=Quad%20royal |title=Search Results: Quad royal - Poster and poster artwork collection, London Transport Museum |work=ltmcollection.org}}
26. ^1977 map from {{cite web |title=The London Tube Map Archive |url=http://www.clarksbury.com/cdl/maps.html |accessdate=7 February 2009}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/resources/corporate/media/pressimages/rez-high/h-tube-map-2010.jpg |title=The Tube in 2010 |author=Transport for London |year=2006 |accessdate=3 November 2007}} (map illustrating future development phases as proposed by TfL in 2006, subject to change)
28. ^{{cite book |title=Notes from a Small Island |publisher=William Morrow |author=Bryson, Bill |year=1996 |chapter=Chapter 4}}
29. ^{{cite web |title=Central London Bus Map |publisher=TfL |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/Central-London-Day-Bus-Map.pdf |accessdate=7 February 2009 |format=PDF}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.InnerLondonTubeMap.blogspot.com |title=Inner London Tube Map |work=innerlondontubemap.blogspot.com}}
31. ^{{cite web |title=Detailed map of London Tube, Underground, Overground, DLR & Tramlink |publisher=carto.metro |url=http://carto.metro.free.fr/metro-tram-london/ |accessdate=16 May 2012}}
32. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20021004074359/http://www.ursasoft.com/maps/index.htm Underground Railway Maps]
33. ^{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/referenceandlanguages/0,,1101403,00.html |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=All right, which bright spark moved Heathrow Airport? |first=Robin |last=McKie |date=7 December 2003 |accessdate=26 May 2010}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://en.gvb.nl/reisinformatie/plattegronden/Pages/Metrostations-kaart.aspx |title=Where is my tram, bus or metro? |work=gvb.nl}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/36844288@N00/3866891031/ |title=Sydney suburban & city underground railway map cover - 1939 |accessdate=8 January 2013}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/36844288@N00/3866890121/ |title=Sydney suburban & city underground railway map diagram - 1939 |accessdate=8 January 2013}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/transport/buses.jsp |title=Transport Strategy – Buses |accessdate=13 November 2007 |author=Mayor of London |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005054612/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/transport/buses.jsp |archivedate=5 October 2007}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/gettingaround/maps/buses/ |title=Bus route maps |publisher=Transport for London |accessdate=14 December 2009}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.t-kartor.com/products-and-services/public-transport/london-bus-spider-maps |title=London bus spider maps |publisher=T-Kartor |accessdate=25 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109055104/http://www.t-kartor.com/products-and-services/public-transport/london-bus-spider-maps |archivedate=9 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://blog.howtodobusiness.com/2007/07/25/getting-about-isochrone-map-of-london-underground/ |title=Getting about – Isochrone map of London Underground |publisher=howtodobusiness.com |date=25 July 2007 |accessdate=21 March 2012 |author=DrAlanRae}}
41. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2009/nov/25/london-tube-map-design?picture=356105646 |title=Tunnel vision: a history of the London tube map |date=26 November 2009 |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=3 December 2009}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rail.co/2011/06/28/designer-gives-london-tube-map-a-makeover/ |title=Designer gives London Tube map a makeover |last=Samuel |first=A. |date=28 June 2011 |accessdate=1 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320215454/http://www.rail.co/2011/06/28/designer-gives-london-tube-map-a-makeover/ |archivedate=20 March 2012}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lovehatetravel.co.uk/21st-century-tube-map-interview-with-mark-noad/ |title=21st Century Tube Map – Interview with Mark Noad |first=Tom |last=Bourner |date=28 June 2011 |accessdate=29 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107020750/http://www.lovehatetravel.co.uk/21st-century-tube-map-interview-with-mark-noad/ |archivedate=7 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
44. ^{{cite news |title=Every line becomes a circle line: a new way to see the tube map |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/31/circle-line-tube-map-visualised |accessdate=9 June 2015 |work=The Guardian |date=31 January 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817005121/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/31/circle-line-tube-map-visualised |archivedate=17 August 2013 |deadurl=no}}
45. ^{{cite news |last1=Brooks-Pollock |first1=Tom |title=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/a-tube-map-of-the-london-underground-thats-far-more-useful-than-the-official-one-10289941.html |accessdate=6 June 2015 |date=5 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605215707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/a-tube-map-of-the-london-underground-thats-far-more-useful-than-the-official-one-10289941.html |archivedate=5 June 2015 |deadurl=no}}
46. ^{{cite web |title=This amateur London Tube map someone posted on Wikipedia is far better than the real thing |url=http://www.citymetric.com/transport/amateur-london-tube-map-someone-posted-wikipedia-far-better-real-thing-1090 |website=CityMetric |accessdate=2 March 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606124031/http://www.citymetric.com/transport/amateur-london-tube-map-someone-posted-wikipedia-far-better-real-thing-1090 |archivedate=6 June 2015}}
47. ^{{cite news |url=http://metro.co.uk/2015/08/05/august-tube-strike-2015-how-to-walk-the-tube-map-how-many-calories-youll-burn-and-the-apps-to-save-your-day-5328397/ |title=August Tube strike 2015: How to walk the Tube map, how many calories you’ll burn and the apps to save your day |newspaper=Metro |date=5 Aug 2015|access-date=11 November 2015}}
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/the-tube-map |title=The Tube Map – The Tube Map – Icons of England |publisher=Icons.org.uk |date= |accessdate=9 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525081322/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/the-tube-map |archivedate=25 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://diagrams.org/fig-pages/f00022.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203012047/http://diagrams.org/fig-pages/f00022.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 December 2005 |title=The London Underground Map – Harry Beck's Design Icon |publisher=Diagrams.org |date=11 January 2002 |accessdate=9 January 2013 }}
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.designmuseum.org/design/london-transport |title=London Transport / Designing Modern Britain – Design Museum Exhibition : Design Patron (1933–) – Design/Designer Information |publisher=Designmuseum.org |date=26 November 2006 |accessdate=9 January 2013}}
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A673517 |title=BBC – h2g2 – Life and Times of the London Underground Map |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=9 January 2013}}
52. ^The London Underground anagram map is an example of a parody map which was removed because Transport for London claimed copyright infringement.
53. ^The Tate Gallery by Tube from {{cite web |url=http://www.clarksbury.com/cdl/maps.html |title=The London Tube Map Archive |accessdate=8 February 2009}}
54. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.londonnet.co.uk/ln/guide/about/museumslt.html#feature |title=Animals Underground |date=14 August 2003 |publisher=London.net |accessdate=18 November 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024103700/http://www.londonnet.co.uk/ln/guide/about/museumslt.html#feature |archivedate=24 October 2007}}
55. ^{{cite news |title=Going Underground |url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/culturevulture/archives/2006/02/03/going_underground.html |work=Guardian Unlimited |publisher=The Guardian |first=Dorian |last=Lynskey |date=3 February 2006 |accessdate=1 April 2008 |location=London}}
56. ^{{cite web |title=Website from Mini Metro |url=http://dinopoloclub.com/minimetro/}}