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词条 Voiceless alveolar fricative
释义

  1. Voiceless alveolar sibilants {{anchor|Voiceless alveolar sibilant}}

  2. Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant

      Occurrence in Europe    Modern    Medieval    Description of the retracted sibilant    Loss of the voiceless alveolar sibilant    Loss-causing events    Exceptions    Reach in ancient times  

  3. Comparison between the English alveolar sibilant and the Spanish apico-alveolar sibilant

  4. Features

  5. Examples

     Dentalized laminal alveolar  Non-retracted alveolar  Retracted alveolar  Variable 

  6. Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative

     Features  Occurrence 

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. References

  10. External links

A voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are at least six types with significant perceptual differences:

  • The voiceless alveolar sibilant {{IPA|[s]}} has a strong hissing sound, as the s in English sin. It is one of the most common sounds in the world.
  • The voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant {{IPA|[s̄]}} (an ad hoc notation), also called apico-dental, has a weaker lisping sound like English th in thin. It occurs in Spanish dialects in southern Spain (eastern Andalusia).
  • The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant [{{IPA|s̠}}], and the subform apico-alveolar {{IPA|[s̺]}}, or called grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of {{lcons|retroflex}} fricatives. It is used in the languages of northern Iberia, like Asturleonese, Basque, Castilian Spanish (excluding parts of Andalusia), Catalan, Galician and Northern Portuguese. A similar retracted sibilant form is also used in Dutch, Icelandic, some Southern dialects of Swedish, Finnish and Greek. Its sound is between {{IPA|[s]}} and [{{IPAlink|ʃ}}].
  • The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative {{IPA|[θ̱]}} or {{IPA|[θ͇]}}, using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA,{{sfnp|Pandeli|Eska|Ball|Rahilly|1997|p=?}} is similar to the th in English thin. It occurs in Icelandic.
  • The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative {{IPA|[ɬ]}} sounds like a voiceless, strongly articulated version of English l (somewhat like what the English cluster hl would sound like) and is written as ll in Welsh.

The first three types are sibilants, meaning that they are made with the teeth closed and have a piercing, perceptually prominent sound.

Voiceless coronal fricatives
DentalDenti-
alveolar		AlveolarPost-alveolar
Retracted Retroflex Palato-
alveolar		 Alveolo-
palatal
Sibilantplains̪}}s̄}}s͇}}s̠}}ʂ}}ʃ}}ɕ}}
Non-sibilantθ}}θ̠/θ͇/ɹ̝̊}}ɻ̝̊}}
tappedɾ̞̊/ɹ̥̆˔}}

Voiceless alveolar sibilants {{anchor|Voiceless alveolar sibilant}}

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=s
|above=Voiceless alveolar sibilant
|ipa number=132
|decimal1=115
|x-sampa=s
|kirshenbaum=s
|braille=s
}}{{anchor|Voiceless dental sibilant}}{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
|ipa symbol=s̪
|ipa symbol2=s̟
}}{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
|ipa number=
|decimal1=115
|decimal2=826
|ipa symbol=s̠
|ipa symbol2=ṣ
|ipa-image=
|x-sampa=
|kirshenbaum=
}}

The voiceless alveolar sibilant is a common consonant sound in vocal languages. It is the sound in English words such as sea and pass, and is represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|s}}}}. It has a characteristic high-pitched, highly perceptible hissing sound. For this reason, it is often used to get someone's attention, using a call often written as sssst! or psssst!.

The voiceless alveolar sibilant {{IPA|[s]}} is one of the most common sounds cross-linguistically. If a language has fricatives, it will most likely have {{IPA|[s]}}.{{sfnp|Maddieson|1984|p=?}} However, some languages have a related sibilant sound, such as {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, but no {{IPA|[s]}}. In addition, sibilants are absent from Australian Aboriginal languages, in which fricatives are rare; even the few indigenous Australian languages that have developed fricatives do not have sibilants.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant (commonly termed the voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant) is a fricative that is articulated with the tongue in a hollow shape, usually with the tip of the tongue (apex) against the alveolar ridge. It is a sibilant sound and is found most notably in a number of languages in a linguistic area covering northern and central Iberia. It is most well known from its occurrence in the Spanish of this area. In the Middle Ages, it occurred in a wider area, covering Romance languages spoken throughout France, Portugal, and Spain, as well as Old High German and Middle High German.

Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant

Occurrence in Europe

Modern

In Romance languages, it occurs as the normal voiceless alveolar sibilant in Astur-Leonese, Castilian Spanish, Catalan, Galician, northern European Portuguese, and some Occitan dialects. It also occurs in Basque and Mirandese, where it is opposed to a different voiceless alveolar sibilant, the more common {{IPA|[s]}}; the same distinction occurs in a few dialects of northeastern Portuguese. Outside this area, it also occurs in a few dialects of Latin American Spanish (e.g. Antioqueño, in Colombia).

Amongst Germanic languages, it occurs in Dutch and closely related Low German, Icelandic, many dialects in Scandinavia, and working-class Glaswegian English.

It also occurs in Modern Greek (with a {{lcons|laminal}} articulation), as well as the Baltic languages.

There is no single IPA symbol used for this sound. The symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|s̺}}}} is often used, with a diacritic indicating an {{lcons|apical}} pronunciation. However, that is potentially problematic in that not all alveolar retracted sibilants are apical (see below), and not all apical alveolar sibilants are retracted. The ad hoc non-IPA symbols {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ṣ}}}} and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|S}}}} are often used in the linguistic literature even when IPA symbols are used for other sounds,{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} but {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ṣ}}}} is a common transcription of the retroflex sibilant {{IPA|[ʂ]}}.

Medieval

In medieval times, it occurred in a wider area, including the Romance languages spoken in most or all of France and Iberia (Old Spanish, Galician-Portuguese, Catalan, French, etc.), as well as in the Old and Middle High German of central and southern Germany{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=?}}, and most likely Northern Germany as well. In all of these languages, the retracted "apico-alveolar" sibilant was opposed to a non-retracted sibilant much like modern English {{IPA|[s]}}, and in many of them, both voiceless and voiced versions of both sounds occurred. A solid evidence is different spellings used for two different sibilants: in general, the retracted "apico-alveolar" variants were written {{angle bracket|s}} or {{angle bracket|ss}}, while the non-retracted variants were written {{angle bracket|z}}, {{angle bracket|c}} or {{angle bracket|ç}}. In the Romance languages, the retracted sibilants derived from Latin {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/ss/}} or {{IPA|/ns/}}, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from earlier affricates {{IPA|[t͡s]}} and {{IPA|[d͡z]}}, which in turn derived from palatalized {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/t/}}. The situation was similar in High German, where the retracted sibilants derived largely from Proto-Germanic {{IPA|/s/}}, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from instances of Proto-Germanic {{IPA|/t/}} that were shifted by the High German sound shift. Minimal pairs were common in all languages. Examples in Middle High German, for example, were {{lang|gmh|wizzen}} "to know" (Old English {{lang|ang|witan}}, cf. "to wit") vs. {{lang|gmh|wissen}} "known" (Old English {{lang|ang|wissen}}), and {{lang|gmh|weiz}} "white" (Old English {{lang|ang|wīt}}) vs. {{lang|gmh|weis}} "way" (Old English {{lang|ang|wīs}}, cf. "-wise").

Description of the retracted sibilant

Often, to speakers of languages or dialects that do not have the sound, it is said to have a "whistling" quality, and to sound similar to palato-alveolar {{IPA link|ʃ||[}}. For this reason, when borrowed into such languages or represented with non-Latin characters, it is often replaced with {{IPA|[ʃ]}}. This occurred, for example, in English borrowings from Old French (e.g. push from pousser, cash from caisse); in Polish borrowings from medieval German (e.g. {{lang|pl|kosztować}} from kosten, {{lang|pl|żur}} from sūr (contemporary {{lang|de|sauer}})); and in representations of Mozarabic (an extinct medieval Romance language once spoken in southern Spain) in Arabic characters. The similarity between retracted {{IPA|[s̺]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}} has resulted in many exchanges in Spanish between the sounds, during the medieval period when Spanish had both phonemes. Examples are {{lang|es|jabón}} (formerly xabón) "soap" from Latin {{lang|la|sapō}}/{{lang|la|sapōnem}}, {{lang|es|jibia}} "cuttlefish" (formerly xibia) from Latin {{lang|la|sēpia}}, and {{lang|es|tijeras}} "scissors" (earlier tixeras < medieval tiseras) from Latin {{lang|la|cīsōrias}} (with initial t- due to influence from {{lang|la|tōnsor}} "shaver").

One of the clearest descriptions of this sound is from Obaid:{{sfnp|Obaid|1973|p=?}} "There is a Castilian s, which is a voiceless, concave, apicoalveolar fricative: The tip of the tongue turned upward forms a narrow opening against the alveoli of the upper incisors. It resembles a faint {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and is found throughout much of the northern half of Spain".

Many dialects of Modern Greek have a very similar-sounding sibilant that is pronounced with a {{lcons|laminal}} articulation.{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=?}}

Loss of the voiceless alveolar sibilant

This distinction has since vanished from most of the languages that once had it in medieval times.

  • In most dialects of Spanish, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into the non-retracted {{IPA|[s]}}.
  • In French and most dialects of Portuguese, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into non-retracted {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[z]}}, while in European Portuguese, most other Old World Portuguese variants and some recently European-influenced dialects of Brazil all instances of coda {{IPA|[s̺]}}, voiced {{IPA|[z̺]}} before voiced consonants, were backed to {{IPA|[ɕ]}} {{IPA|[ʑ]}}, while in most of Brazilian Portuguese this phenomenon is much rarer, being essentially absent in the dialects that conserved the most archaic Portuguese forms and/or had a greater indigenous and/or non-Portuguese European influence.
  • In the remaining dialects of Portuguese, found in northern Portugal, they merged into the retracted {{IPA|[s̺]}} {{IPA|[z̺]}}, or, as in Mirandese (which is, however, not a Portuguese dialect, but belongs to Asturian-Leonese), conserved the medieval distinction.
  • In central and northern Spanish, the non-retracted {{IPA|[s]}} was fronted to {{IPA|[θ]}} after merging with non-retracted {{IPA|[z]}}, while the retracted {{IPA|[s̺]}} remains.
  • In German, most instances of {{IPA|[s̺]}} were fronted to {{IPA|[s]}}, but some were backed to become {{IPA|[ʃ]}} (initially before a consonant; in many modern High German dialects, also non-initially before a consonant), postalveolar as in European and fluminense Portuguese.

Loss-causing events

Those languages in which the sound occurs typically did not have a phonological process from which either {{IPA|[s]}} or {{IPA|[ʃ]}} appeared, two similar sounds with which ⟨s̺⟩ was eventually confused. In general, older European languages only had a single pronunciation of s.

In Romance languages, {{IPA|[s]}} was reached from -ti-, -ci-, -ce- ({{IPA|[ti]}}, {{IPA|[ki]}}, {{IPA|[ke]}}) clusters that eventually became {{IPA|[ts]}}, {{IPA|[tsi]}}, {{IPA|[tse]}} and later {{IPA|[s]}}, {{IPA|[si]}}, {{IPA|[se]}} (as in Latin fortia "force", civitas "city", centum "hundred"), while {{IPA|[ʃ]}} was reached:

  • From a {{IPA|[sk]}} or {{IPA|[ks]}} cluster in southern Romance, as in Latin miscere > Portuguese mexer "to move", Latin fluxus > Spanish flojo "lax", Latin crescere > Italian crescere "grow", with a different pronunciation.
  • from a deaffricated {{IPA|[tʃ]}} in Northern France and southern-central Portugal, as in French chat "cat", Portuguese achar "find".

In High German, {{IPA|[s]}} was reached from a {{IPA|[t]}} > {{IPA|[ts]}} > {{IPA|[s]}} process, as in German Wasser vs English water. In English, the same process of Romance {{IPA|[ts]}} > {{IPA|[s]}} occurred in Norman-imported words, accounting for modern homophones sell and cell. {{IPA|[ʃ]}} was also reached from a -sk- cluster reduction as in Romance, e.g. Old English spelling "asc" for modern "ash", German schirm vs English screen, English ship vs Danish skib.

Exceptions

Standard Modern Greek, that has apical {{IPA|[s̺]}}, lacked both processes.

The Germanic-speaking regions that did not have either phenomena have normally preserved the apical {{IPA|[s̺]}}, that is, Icelandic, Dutch and many Scandinavian lects. It also reached modern times in Low German, but this language has largely been replaced by Standard German.

The main Romance language to preserve the sound, Castilian Spanish, is exceptional in that it had both events that produced {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, and preserved the apical S at the expense of both, that were shifted farther away. Galician changed only {{IPA|[s]}}, and Catalan, as well as Ladino, still preserves all three sounds.

Reach in ancient times

Because of the widespread medieval distribution, it has been speculated that retracted {{IPA|[s̺]}} was the normal pronunciation in spoken Latin. Certain borrowings suggest that it was not far off from the sh-sound {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, e.g. Aramaic Jeshua > Latin Jesus, Hebrew Shabbat > Vulgar Latin Sabato; but this could also be explained by the lack of a better sound in Latin to represent Semitic sh. It equally well could have been an areal feature inherited from the prehistoric languages of Western Europe, as evidenced by its occurrence in modern Basque.

For the same reasons, it can be speculated that retracted {{IPA|[s̺]}} was the pronunciation of Proto-Germanic s. Its presence in many branches of Indo-European and its presence particularly in the more conservative languages inside each branch (e.g. Icelandic, Spanish), as well as being found in disparate areas, such as the Baltic languages and Greece, suggests it could have ultimately been the main allophone of Proto-Indo-European s, known for ranging from {{IPA|[s]}} to as far as {{IPA|[ɕ]}}.

{{IPA|[ʃ]}}, but not {{IPA|[s]}}, was developed in Italian. However, where Spanish and Catalan have apical {{IPA|[s̺]}}, Italian uses the same laminal {{IPA|[s]}} that occurs in standard forms of English: evidence, it could be argued, that S was not pronounced apically in Latin. But Neapolitan has a medieval S becoming either {{IPA|[s]}} or {{IPA|[ʃ]}} depending on context, much as in European Portuguese, which could attest to the previous existence of {{IPA|[s̺]}} in the Italian Peninsula. The Italian pronunciation as laminal S could also be explained by the presence of {{IPA|[ʃ]}} but not {{IPA|[s]}}, thus moving the pronunciation of {{IPA|[s̺]}} to the front of the mouth in an attempt to better differentiate between the two sounds.

Comparison between the English alveolar sibilant and the Spanish apico-alveolar sibilant

The term "voiceless alveolar sibilant" is potentially ambiguous in that it can refer to at least two different sounds. Various languages of northern Iberia (e.g. Astur-Leonese, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Portuguese and Spanish) have a so-called "voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant" that lacks the strong hissing of the {{IPA|[s]}} described in this article but has a duller, more "grave" sound quality somewhat reminiscent of a voiceless retroflex sibilant. Basque, Mirandese and some Portuguese dialects in northeast Portugal (as well as medieval Spanish and Portuguese in general) have both types of sounds in the same language.

There is no general agreement about what actual feature distinguishes these sounds. Spanish phoneticians normally describe the difference as {{lcons|apical}} (for the northern Iberian sound) vs. {{lcons|laminal}} (for the more common sound), but Ladefoged and Maddieson{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=?}} claim that English {{IPA|/s/}} can be pronounced apical, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of Iberian Spanish and Basque. Also, Adams{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=283}} asserts that many dialects of Modern Greek have a laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the "apico-alveolar" sibilant of northern Iberia.

Some authors have instead suggested that the difference lies in tongue shape. Adams{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=283}} describes the northern Iberian sibilant as "retracted". Ladefoged and Maddieson{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=?}} appear to characterize the more common hissing variant as {{lcons|grooved}}, and some phoneticians (such as J. Catford) have characterized it as sulcal (which is more or less a synonym of "grooved"), but in both cases, there is some doubt about whether all and only the "hissing" sounds actually have a "grooved" or "sulcal" tongue shape.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant:

{{sibilant}}
  • There are at least three specific variants of {{IPA|[s]}}:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of {{IPA|[s]}} is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to laminal {{IPAblink|ʂ}} or (to a lesser extent) {{IPAblink|ʃ}}.
{{voiceless}}{{oral}}{{central articulation}}{{pulmonic}}

Examples

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
ArabicQafisheh|1977|pp=2, 9}}afb|مسجد}}{{IPA|[mɐˈs̪iːd̪]}} 'mosque'
ArmenianKozintseva|1995|p=7}}hy|սար}}{{Audio-IPA|sɑɾ.ogg|[s̪ɑɾ]}} 'mountain'
Azerbaijani{{sfnp|Axundov|1983|pp=115, 128-131}}az-Latn|su}}{{IPA|[s̪u]}} 'water'
Basque[2]eu|gauza}}{{IPA|[ɡäus̪ä]}} 'thing' Contrasts with an apical sibilant.[2] See Basque phonology
Belarusian{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|p=47}}be|стагоддзе}}{{IPA|[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]}} 'century' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian{{sfnp|Klagstad Jr.|1958|p=46}}bg|всеки}}{{IPA|[ˈfs̪ɛki]}} 'everyone' Contrasts with palatalized form
ChineseLee|Zee|2003|pp=109-110}}{{sfnp|Lin|2001|pp=17-25}}cmn-Hani|三}} {{lang|cmn-Latn|sān}}{{IPA|[s̪a̋n]}} 'three' See Mandarin phonology
Czech{{sfnp|Palková|1994|p=228}}cs|svět}}{{IPA|[s̪vjɛt̪]}} 'world' See Czech phonology
EnglishBauer|Warren|2004|p=594}}sand{{IPA|[s̪ɛnˑd̥]}}'sand'See English phonology
Multicultural London[3]{{IPA|[s̪anˑd̥]}}
French{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1999|p=79}}{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=144}}fr|façade}}{{IPA|[fäs̪äd̪]}} 'front' See French phonology
Hungarian{{sfnp|Szende|1999|p=104}}hu|sziget}}{{IPA|[ˈs̪iɡɛt̪]}} 'island' See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian[4]{{example needed|date=November 2013}}
Kazakh{{sfnp|Kara|2002|p=10}}kk|сом}}{{IPA|[s̪u̯ʊm]}} 'pure'
Kyrgyz{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}}ky|сабиз}}{{IPA|[s̪äˈbis̪]}} 'carrot'
Latvian{{sfnp|Nau|1998|p=6}}lv|sens}}{{IPA|[s̪en̪s̪]}} 'ancient' See Latvian phonology
Macedonian{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}}mk|скока}}{{IPA|[ˈs̪kɔkä]}} 'jump' See Macedonian phonology
Mirandesedate=June 2014}} Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish[1]{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|pp=149}}pl|sum}}{{Audio-IPA|Pl-sum.ogg|[s̪um]}} 'catfish' See Polish phonology
Romanian[5]ro|surd}}{{IPA|[s̪ur̪d̪]}} 'deaf' See Romanian phonology
Russian{{sfnp|Chew|2003|p=67}}ru|волосы}}{{Audio-IPA|Ru-волосы.ogg|[ˈvo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]}} 'hair' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic{{sfnp|Lamb|2003|p=18}}gd|Slàinte}}{{IPA|[ˈs̪ɫ̪äːn̪t̪ʰʲə]}} 'cheers' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=66}}sh-Latn|sam}}{{IPA|[s̪ȃ̠m]}} 'alone' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene{{sfnp|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}}sl|svet}}{{IPA|[s̪ʋéːt̪]}} 'world'See Slovene phonology
SpanishMartínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}es|estar}}{{IPA|[e̞s̪ˈt̪är]}} 'to be'/s/}} before dental consonants.{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}} See Spanish phonology
Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=171}}Engstrand|1999|pp=140-141}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|2004|p=167}}sv|säte}}{{IPA|[ˈs̪ɛːt̪e]}} 'seat'Adams|1975|p=289}} See Swedish phonology
Toda{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=157}}{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}}{{IPA|[kɔs̪]}} 'money'
Turkish{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=288}}{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=154}}tr|su}}{{IPA|[s̪u]}} 'water' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[6]uk|село}}{{IPA|[s̪ɛˈɫ̪ɔ]}} 'village' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=22, 38, 39}}hsb|sowa}}{{IPA|[ˈs̪ovä]}} 'owl' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Uzbek{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=11}}uz|soat}}{{IPA|[ˈs̪o̞æt̪]}} 'hour'
Vietnamese Thompson|1987|pp=8-9}}vi|xa}}{{IPA|[s̪äː]}} 'far' See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adygheady-Cyrl|сэ}}{{IPA|[sa]}} 'I'
ArabicThelwall|1990|p=37}}ar|جَلَسَ|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈdʒælæsɐ]}} 'to sit' See Arabic phonology
Assyrian Neo-Aramaicaii-Latn|sepa}}[seːpaː]}} 'sword'
Bengalibn|রাস্তা}}[raːst̪a]}} 'street' See Bengali phonology
Burmese စစားဗျီ[sə sá bjì]}} 'I am eating now'
Chinese Cantoneseyue-Hant|閃}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|sim2}}{{IPA|[siːm˧˥]}} 'twinkle' See Cantonese phonology
Dutch{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}}nl|staan}}{{IPA|[s̻t̻aːn̻]}} 'to stand'in the Netherlands.{{sfnp>Gussenhoven|1999|p=75}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} See Dutch phonology
Estonianet|sõna}}{{IPA|[ˈsɤnɑ]}} 'word'
English sit{{Audio-IPA|sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg|[sɪt]|help=no}} 'sit' See English phonology
Esperantoeo|Esperanto}}[espeˈranto]}} 'Who hopes' See Esperanto phonology
Faroesefo|sandur}}{{IPA|[sandʊɹ]}} 'sand'
Georgian{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}}ka|სამი}}{{IPA|[ˈsɑmi]}} 'three'
Hebrewhe|ספר|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈsefeʁ]}} 'book' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustanihi|साल}} / {{Lang|ur|سال|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[saːl]}} 'year' See Hindustani phonology
Icelandic[7][8]is|segi}}{{IPA|[ˈs̺ɛːjɪ]}} 'I say' Apical.[7][8] See Icelandic phonology
Italianof Emilia-Romagna{{sfnp>Canepari|1992|p=73}}it|sali}}{{IPA|[ˈs̺ʲäːli]}} 'you go up'Canepari|1992|p=73}} may be {{IPAblink|ʂ}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} instead.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=73}}
See Italian phonology
Japanese{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}}ja|複数形}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|fukusūkē}}{{IPA|[ɸɯkɯsɯːkeː]}} 'plural' See Japanese phonology
Kabardiankbd-Cyrl|сэ}}{{IPA|[sa]}} 'I'
Koreanko|섬}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|seom}}{{IPA|[sʌːm]}} 'island' See Korean phonology
Malayms|satu}}{{IPA|[satu]}} 'one'
Maltesemt|iebes}}{{IPA|[eaˈbes]}} 'hard'
Marathimr|साप}}{{IPA|[saːp]}} 'snake' See Marathi phonology
Occitan Limousinoc|maichent}}{{IPA|[mejˈsẽ]}} 'bad'
Persianfa|سیب|rtl=yes}} / {{lang|fa-Latn|sib}}{{IPA|[sib]}} 'apple' See Persian phonology
Portuguese{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}pt|caço}}{{IPA|[ˈkasu]}} 'I hunt' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabipa|ਸੱਪ}}{{IPA|[səpː]}} 'snake'
Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}} Latin American{{lang|es|saltador}}{{IPA|[s̻al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞r]}}'jumper'See Spanish phonology and Seseo
Canarian
Andalusian
Equatorial Guinean
Philippine
SwahiliKiswahili[kiswahili]}}'Swahili'
Sylhetisyl|ꠢꠂꠍꠦ}}{{IPA|[ɔise]}} 'done'
Vietnamese{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}vi|xa}}{{IPA|[saː˧]}} 'far' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian{{sfnp|Sipma|1913|p=16}}fy|sâlt}}{{IPA|[sɔːt]}} 'salt' See West Frisian phonology
Yiii-Yiii|ꌦ}} {{lang|ii-Latn|sy}}{{IPA|[sɿ˧]}} 'die'

Retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Asturianast|pasu}}{{IPA|[ˈpäs̺u]}} 'step' Apical.
Basque[2][9]eu|su}}{{IPA|[s̺u]}} 'fire' Apical. Contrasts with a dentalized laminal sibilant.[2][9]
Catalan{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}}{{sfnp|Torreblanca|1988|p=347}} Most dialectsca|set}}{{IPA|[ˈs̺ɛt̪]}} 'seven' Apical. See Catalan phonology
Saborit|2009|p=12}}ca|peix}}{{IPA|[ˈpe̠js̠ʲ]}} 'fish'Normally transcribed with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʂ}}}}; realized as pre-palatal {{IPAblink|ɕ}}
in Standard Catalan and Valencian.
Saborit|2009|p=12}}ca|patisc}}{{IPA|[päˈt̪is̠ʲk]}} 'I suffer'
English Glasgow[10] sun{{IPA|[s̺ʌn]}} 'sun's}}
Galiciangl|saúde}}{{IPA|[s̺äˈuðe]}} 'health' Apical.
ItalianAdams|1975|p=286}}{{lang|it|sali}}{{IPA|[ˈs̠äːli]}}'you go up'Adams|1975|p=286}} most of Umbria{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}}
(save Perugia and the extreme south),{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}} Marche and south of Potenza.{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=286}}
Adams|1975|pp=285-286}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=71-72}}Canepari|1992|p=72}} Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=71}}{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=285}}
See Italian phonology
Adams|1975|p=286}}Adams|1975|p=286}}
Leoneseast|pasu}}{{IPA|[ˈpäs̺ʊ]}} 'step' Apical.
Low German{{sfnp|Adams|1975|p=289}}date=June 2014}}
Mirandesemwl|passo}}{{IPA|[ˈpäs̺u]}} 'step'/s̪/}}.
Occitan Gascon{{lang|oc|dos}}{{IPA|[d̻ys̺]}}'two'See Occitan phonology
Languedocien{{IPA|[d̻us̺]}}
Portuguese{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}[11] European,
inland northern		pt|cansaço}}{{IPA|[kə̃ˈs̺äs̻u]}}'weariness'/s̻/}}. See Portuguese phonology
European,
coastal northern		pt|cansaço}}{{IPA|[kə̃ˈs̺äs̺u]}}/s̻/}}. See Portuguese phonology
Inland and
southern capixaba		pt|pescador}}{{nowrap|{{IPA|[pe̞s̺käˈd̻oχ]}}}} 'fisherman'Realization of Portuguese coda sibilant, which may be postalveolars,
depending on dialect
Carioca do brejopt|escadas}}{{IPA|[is̺ˈkäd̻ɐs̺]}} 'stairs'
Spanish Andean{{lang|es|saltador}}{{IPA|[s̺äl̪t̪äˈð̞o̞ɾ]}}'jumper'Apical. In Andean and Paisa (except in southern parts of Antioquia)
alternates with a more frequent corono-dental /s/.{{sfnp|Montes|1992|p=527}}{{sfnp|Betancourt|1993|p=285–286}}
See Spanish phonology and seseo
Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}
Paisa accent
SwedishAdams|1975|p=289}}{{lang|sv|säte}}{{IPA|[ˈs̠ɛːte]}}'seat'See Swedish phonology
Adams|1975|p=289}}
Adams|1975|p=289}}
Adams|1975|p=289}}

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Danish{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=61 and 131}}[12][13]da|sælge}}{{IPA|[ˈseljə]}} 'sell'Basbøll|2005|pp=61 and 131}}[12][13] See Danish phonology
Finnish{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=27}}fi|sinä}}{{IPA|[sinæ]}} 'you'Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=27}} See Finnish phonology
GermanMangold|2005|p=50}}de|Biss}}{{IPA|[bɪs]}} 'bite'Mangold|2005|p=50}} See Standard German phonology
Greek{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=12}}el|σαν}} {{lang|el-Latn|san}}{{IPA|[sɐn]}} 'as'Arvaniti|2007|p=12}} See Modern Greek phonology
NorwegianSkaug|2003|pp=130–131}}no|sand}}{{IPA|[sɑnː]}} 'sand'Skaug|2003|pp=130–131}} See Norwegian phonology
ItalianCanepari|1992|p=68}}{{lang|it|sali}}{{IPA|[ˈsäːli]}}'you go up'Canepari|1992|p=68}} See Italian phonology
Canepari|1992|p=72}}Canepari|1992|pp=68 and 72}} Both variants may be labiodentalized.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} See Italian phonology

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa number=130 414
|decimal1=952
|decimal2=817
|ipa symbol=θ̠
|ipa symbol2=θ͇
|ipa symbol3=ɹ̝̊
|ipa symbol4=t̞
}}{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless alveolar tapped fricative
|ipa symbol=ɾ̞̊
|ipa symbol2=ɹ̥̆˔
|ipa number=124 402A 430
|unicode=U+027E U+031E U+030A
}}

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed {{angle bracket|{{IPA|θ̠}}}}, occasionally {{angle bracket|{{IPA|θ͇}}}} (retracted or alveolarized {{IPA|[θ]}}, respectively), {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɹ̝̊}}}} (constricted voiceless {{IPA|[ɹ]}}), or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|t̞}}}} (lowered {{IPA|[t]}}).

Few languages also have the voiceless alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur.{{sfnp|Laver|1994|p=263}}

Tapped fricatives are occasionally reported in the literature, though these claims are not generally independently confirmed and so remain dubious.

Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.{{sfnp|Laver|1994|p=263}}

Features

{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.{{alveolar}}{{voiceless}}{{oral}}{{central articulation}}{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afenmai{{sfnp|Laver|1994|p=263}}V͈[aɾ̞̊u]}} 'hat' /ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Laver|1994|p=263}}
Dutch[14]nl|Geert}}[ɣeːɹ̝̊t]}} 'Geert' /r/}}; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
EnglishLoakes|McDougall|2007|pp=1445-1448}}Italy[ˈɪ̟θ̠əɫɪi̯]}}'Italy'/t/}}.{{sfnp|Loakes|McDougall|2007|pp=1445-1448}} See Australian English phonology
Buizza|2011|pp=16-28}}[ˈɪθ̠əlɪi̯]}}/t/}}.{{sfnp|Buizza|2011|pp=16-28}}
Hickey|1984|pp=234–235}}[ˈɪθ̠ɪli]}}/t/}}. See English phonology
Laver|1994|pp=263–264}}[ˈɪɾ̞̊əɫi]}}/t/}}. Can be a voiceless tap {{IPAblink|ɾ̥}} or a voiced tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} instead.{{sfnp|Laver|1994|pp=263–264}} See English phonology
Marotta|Barth|2005|p=385}}{{sfnp|Watson|2007|pp=352-353}} attain {{IPA|[əˈθ̠eɪn]}}}} 'attain' /t/}}. See English phonology
Icelandic[8]{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=139}}is|þakið}}[ˈθ̠äkið̠] }} 'the roof' [8]{{sfnp>Grønnum|2005|p=139}} See Icelandic phonology
Italian Canepari|1992|p=72}}it|sali}}[ˈθ̠äːli]}} 'you go up' /s/}} for some young speakers. Either non-sibilant, or "not sibilant enough".{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} See Italian phonology
Turkish{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}}tr|bir}}[biɾ̞̊]}} 'a(n)' /ɾ/}}.{{sfnp|Yavuz|Balcı|2011|p=25}} See Turkish phonology

See also

  • Voiceless corono-dentoalveolar sibilant
  • Tongue shape
  • Apical consonant
  • Laminal consonant
  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Puppel|Nawrocka-Fisiak|Krassowska|1977|p=149}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=154}}
2. ^1 2 3 {{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|Lujanbio|Zubiri|2010|p=1}}. Although this paper discusses mainly the Goizueta dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
3. ^{{cite web|title=English speech services {{!}} Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE|url=http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/accent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle/|access-date=2 December 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|access-date=2015-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04|dead-url=yes|df=}}
5. ^{{cite web|author=Ovidiu Drăghici|title=Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie|url=http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf|access-date=April 19, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
6. ^{{cite journal|author1=S. Buk |author2=J. Mačutek |author3=A. Rovenchak |year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|journal=Glottometrics |volume=16 |pages=63–79 |arxiv=0802.4198}}
7. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Kress|1982|pp=23–24}} "It is never voiced, as s in sausen, and it is pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, close to the upper teeth – somewhat below the place of articulation of the German sch. The difference is that German sch is labialized, while Icelandic s is not. It is a pre-alveolar, coronal, voiceless spirant."
8. ^1 2 3 {{Harvcoltxt|Pétursson|1971|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=145}}
9. ^1 Hualde, J. Basque Phonology (1991) Routledge {{ISBN|0-415-05655-1}}
10. ^Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables
11. ^{{it}} Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330082716/http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf |date=2012-03-30 }}
12. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Thorborg|2003|p=80}}. The author states that {{IPA|/s/}} is pronounced with "the tip of the tongue right behind upper teeth, but without touching them." This is confirmed by the accompanying image.
13. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=144}}. Only this author mentions both alveolar and dental realizations.
14. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=199}}. Authors do not say where exactly it is used.

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External links

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{{IPA navigation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiceless Alveolar Fricative}}

4 : Alveolar consonants|Fricative consonants|Voiceless oral consonants|Central consonants
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