| 词条 | Vox (Spanish political party) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| country = Spain | name = Vox | native_name = | logo = VOX logo.svg | logo_size = 150px | president = Santiago Abascal | secretary_general = Javier Ortega Smith | founded = 17 December 2013 | ideology = {{Nowrap|Right-wing populism[1][2] Ultranationalism[3][1] Neoliberalism[2][3] Conservatism[4] Soft Euroscepticism[5][6] Anti-Islam[7] Centralism[8][9]}} | position = Right-wing{{Sfn|Luppicini|Baarda|2017|p=208|ps=: "He continued the jibing, announcing that several members of 'Popular Party' will be integrated back into political life through the new right wing Christian 'Popular Party', a breakaway party 'VOX' ('Voice') and the anti-separatist UPyD"}}[10] to far-right[11] | european = None | split = People's Party | colours = {{colour box|{{Vox (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}} Green | membership_year = March 2019 | membership = {{growth}} 40,000[12] | seats1_title = Congress of Deputies | seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|350|hex={{Vox (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}} | seats2_title = Senate | seats2 = {{Composition bar|1|265|hex={{Vox (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}} | seats3_title = European Parliament | seats3 = {{Composition bar|0|54|hex={{Vox (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}} | seats6_title = Town councillors | seats6 = {{Composition bar|17|67611|hex={{Vox (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}} | seats5_title = Mayors in Spain | seats5 = {{Composition bar|4|8122|hex={{Vox (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}} | seats4_title = Regional parliaments | seats4 = {{Composition bar|13|1268|hex={{Vox (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}} | colorcode = {{Vox (Spanish political party)/meta/color}} | website = {{url|www.voxespana.es}} }}Vox (Latin for "voice", often stylized as VOX; {{IPA-es|ˈboks}}) is a political party in Spain founded on 17 December 2013, by former members of the People's Party (PP). The party is described variously as right-wing,[13][14] right-wing populist,[15][16][17] or far-right.[18][19][23][20] HistoryVox was founded on 17 December 2013,[21] and publicly launched at a press conference in Madrid on 16 January 2014.[22][23] The reasons for this schism were seen to be the way the incumbent PP government dealt with the issue of the violence of terrorist group ETA, the fiscal policy of the PP, and the desire for a more centralized government in contrast to the current, quasi-federal political system ("State of Autonomies") instituted in 1978. Vox opposes Basque and Catalan autonomism and separatism in general.[23] VOX have labelled themselves as a "right-wing and Christian democratic" party. The first provisional chairman was the philosopher {{ill|José Luis González Quirós|es}} (provisional until the party's internal election in late 2014). Other members are Santiago Abascal and José Antonio Ortega Lara (well known for having been kidnapped by ETA for more than a year). Vox ran for the first time in the 2014 European elections but narrowly failed to win a seat in the European Parliament.[24] In September 2014 the party elected Santiago Abascal, one of the founders, as new President, and Iván Espinosa de los Monteros, also a founder, as General Secretary. Eleven members of the National Executive Committee were also elected. In the fall of 2017 the number of members increased 20% in forty days as a consequence of the terrorist attack in Barcelona and the Catalan independence process.[25] After the Catalan referendum of 2017 and the start of a Spanish constitutional crisis, Vox opted to not participate in the Catalan regional elections of 2017.[26] After the Catalan declaration of independence, the party sued the Parliament of Catalonia and several independentist politicians.[27] On 10 September 2018 Vox enlisted an independent legislator in the regional parliament of Extremadura (who had dropped out of the PP parliamentary group) as party member.[28] On 2 December 2018 they won 12 parliamentary seats in the Andalusian regional election,[29] entering a regional parliament for the first time. It supported the coalition regional government by Ciudadanos and the Popular Party. With this result, Vox was also given a first seat in the Senate of Spain, which was taken by Francisco José Alcaraz.[30] IdeologyVox takes a pro-life stance on abortion and opposes same-sex marriage because they consider the Spanish word for marriage, "matrimonio", to be etymologically inadequate for same sex couples. Vox seeks to create a new type of union, called a "civil union", to replace same-sex marriage.[31] Starting with a focus in economically liberal stances and recentralization proposals, the focus of their message shifted towards stances compatible with European right-wing populism,[32] endorsing anti-Islam as well as criticism of multiculturalism and criticzing immigration from African and Asian countries,[32] but at the same time promoting immigration from countries of Latin America in order to repopulate Spain.[33] Their view of European Union is that of a soft euroscepticism, arguing that Spain should make no sovereignty concessions to the EU, because they consider Spanish sovereignty to reside in the Spanish nation alone.[34] They propose to eliminate Spain's autonomous communities.[35] In addition, they seek the return of Gibraltar to full Spanish sovereignty.[36] Vox is considered antifeminist,[37] and wants to repeal the gender violence law,[38] which is considered as "discriminant against one of the sexes" and replace it with a "family violence law that will afford the same protection to the elderly, men, women and children who suffer from abuse".[39] The party pleads for the closure of fundamentalist mosques as well as the arrest and expulsion of extremist imams[39]. According to Xavier Casals, the warlike ultranationalism in Vox, unifying part of its ideology up to this point, is identified by the party with a palingenetic and biological vision of the country, the so-called "España Viva", but also with a Catholic-inspired culture.[40] Electoral performanceCongress of Deputies
Senate
European Parliament
Regional parliaments
References1. ^{{Cite journal|first=Beatriz|last=Acha|title=No, no es un partido (neo)fascista|date=6 January 2019 |journal=Agenda Pública|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://es.panampost.com/vanessa-araujo/2018/12/06/partido-mas-liberal-vox/|title=En España el partido más liberal en materia económica es VOX |website=panampost.com |language=Spanish}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.letraslibres.com/espana-mexico/politica/vox-es-mas-ultraderecha-clasica-que-populismo-contemporaneo |title=Vox es más ultraderecha clásica que populismo contemporáneo |website=letraslibres.com |language=Spanish |quote=su nacionalismo se conjuga con [...] un discurso económico liberal}} 4. ^{{cite web |language=de |title=Europas Gegner zeigen ihre Muskeln |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/rechtspopulismus-spanien-die-loesung-liegt-in-mehr-europa/9880068-7.html?ticket=ST-2328153-k5U4Reetf1Qf5EtycecZ-ap1 |website=Handelsblatt |date=19 April 2014}}. 5. ^{{cite news|last=Abascal |first=Santiago |author-link= Santiago Abascal|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/opinion/santiago-abascal/cadiz-covadonga-y-bruselas-77185/ |title=Cádiz, Covadonga y Bruselas |work=Libertad Digital |language=Spanish |date=8 November 2015}} 6. ^{{cite news|last=McMurtry|first=Alyssa |title=Spanish far right party wins seats in an election for the first time since Franco|work=The JC|quote=While Vox’s leadership has expressed its distrust of certain immigrant groups such as Muslims, it is not outwardly antisemitic and has voiced its strong support for Israel.|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/spanish-far-right-party-vox-wins-seats-in-an-election-for-the-first-time-since-franco-1.473385|date=3 December 2018}} 7. ^{{cite news|last=García Rey|first=Marcos |title=Los musulmanes de España entre dos fuegos: el yihadismo y la extrema derecha xenófoba|work=El Confidencial|url=http://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2017-03-18/alivio-musulmanes-espana-no-victoria-wilders_1349649/|date=18 March 2017}} 8. ^{{cite news |title=El programa de Vox para "reconquistar" España|url=http://lab.rtve.es/las-claves/el-programa-de-vox-para-reconquistar-espana-2018-12-03/|date=3 December 2018|work=RTVE}} 9. ^{{cite news | last=Remírez de Ganuza |first=Carmen |title=Nace Vox pidiendo la eliminación de los parlamentos regionales|url=https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2014/01/17/52d8675e268e3e0b5a8b4585.html|date=17 January 2014|work=El Mundo}} 10. ^{{cite news|last=|first= |title=WELCOME TO VOX Spain |work=The Leader |url=http://www.theleader.info/2017/09/04/welcome-vox-spain/#_ |date= 4 September 2017|access-date= 3 November 2018}} {{cite news|last=Stokes|first= Bradley |title= Spain’s new PP leader seeks to move the party ‘back to its roots’|work=The Olive Press |url= http://www.theolivepress.es/spain-news/2018/07/25/spains-new-pp-leader-seeks-to-move-the-party-back-to-its-roots/ |date=25 July 2018|access-date=3 November 2018}} 11. ^*{{cite news|last=Varela|first=Manuela |title="Hay un gran espacio a la derecha del PP, pero nadie ha sabido aún cómo ocuparlo" |work=El Confidencial |url= https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2017-07-29/por-que-no-hay-extrema-derecha-en-espana_1419288/ |date=29 July 2017|access-date=}}*{{cite news|last=Ruiz|first= Isabel M.|title=Sin espacio en España para la nueva derecha populista |work=El Mundo |url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/12/26/5a4151ede5fdeabb6c8b4664.html |date=26 December 2017|access-date=}}*{{cite news|last=Loucaides |first=Darren |title=Will Bannonism Play in Spain? |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/07/vox-party-in-spain-could-bring-right-wing-populist-wave-with-help-from-steve-bannon.html |date=2 July 2018 |access-date=}}*{{cite news|last=Abellan Matamoros |first= Cristina |title=Explained: Who is VOX? Spain's latest far-right party gaining popularity |work=Euronews |url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/10/08/explained-who-is-vox-spain-s-latest-far-right-party |date=8 October 2018|access-date=3 November 2018}}*{{cite news|last=|first= |title=Spanish far right gains increased support |work=The Government Europa |url= https://www.governmenteuropa.eu/spanish-far-right-rise/91007/ |date=2 November 2018 |access-date=3 November 2018}}*{{cite news|last=Regué |first= Júlia|title=Radiografía de la extrema derecha en Catalunya |work= El Periódico |url= https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20180819/extrema-derecha-catalunya-6970471 |date=19 August 2018|access-date=}}* {{cite news|last=Bosch|first=Sofia |title=Here’s how bad economically a Spain-Catalonia split could really be |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/21/heres-how-bad-economically-a-spain-catalonia-split-could-really-be.html |work=CNBC |date=21 September 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018}}* {{cite news|last= Precedo|first=José |title=Vox: la ultraderecha irrelevante en las urnas agita los juzgados |url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/Vox-derecha-extrema-prospera-juzgados_0_718828397.html |work=eldiario.es |date=17 December 2017|access-date=}}* {{cite news|last=|first= |title=La afiliación al partido ultraderechista VOX aumenta un 20% en 40 días |url=http://www.publico.es/politica/afiliacion-partido-ultraderechista-vox-aumenta-20-40-dias.html |work=Público |date=2 October 2017|access-date=}}* {{cite news|last1=Barriaux|first1=Marianne |last2=Villalobos|first2=Alvaro|title=Spain's far-right gains visibility in Catalonia crisis |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20171015/spains-far-right-gains-visibility-in-catalonia-crisis |work=The Local |date=15 October 2017|access-date=}}* {{cite news|last=|first= |title=Spain proves sterile ground for far-right parties |url=http://www.dw.com/en/spain-proves-sterile-ground-for-far-right-parties/a-39057276 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=31 May 2017|access-date=}}* {{cite news|last=|first= |title=Spain: No country for old fascists |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/spain-politics-far-right-podemos-rajoy-pp-populism-vox/ |work=Politico Europe |date=26 December 2016 |access-date=}} 12. ^{{cite news|last=Ballesteros|first=Roberto R.|title=Vox saca 'músculo financiero': recauda más de 200.000 euros en algo más de 24 horas|work=El Confidencial|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2019-03-05/vox-musculo-financiero-recauda-200000euros-24horas_1861590|date=5 March 2019|access-date=5 March 2019}} 13. ^*{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanzadigital.com/provincia/el-partido-vox-aboga-por-ser-la-alternativa-a-la-derecha-en-espana/|title=El partido Vox aboga por ser la alternativa a la derecha en España - Lanza Digital|date=19 March 2017|work=Lanza Digital|access-date=7 November 2018|language=es-ES}}*{{Cite news|url=http://www.theolivepress.es/spain-news/2018/07/25/spains-new-pp-leader-seeks-to-move-the-party-back-to-its-roots/ |title=Spain’s new PP leader seeks to move the party ‘back to its roots’|work=The Olive Press |date = 25 August 2018}}*{{Cite news|url=https://www.libertaddigital.com/espana/politica/2014-06-09/santiago-abascal-en-espana-el-unico-partido-que-hay-en-la-derecha-es-vox-1276520930/|title=Santiago Abascal: "En España el único partido que hay en la derecha es Vox"|date=9 June 2014|work=Libertad Digital|access-date=10 November 2018|language=es-ES}}*{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.es/espana/abci-ascenso-pone-nerviosa-derecha-espanola-201810091706_video.html|title=El ascenso de VOX pone nerviosa a la derecha española|work=ABC|access-date=25 November 2018|date=9 October 2018|language=es-ES}}*{{Cite news|url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20140116/vox-partido-ortega-lara-propone-acabar-modelo-autonomico/851241.shtml|title=Vox, el partido de Ortega Lara, propone acabar con el modelo autonómico |date=16 January 2014 |work=RTVE.es|access-date=25 November 2018|language=es-ES}}*{{Cite news|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2018-11-24/pp-casado-elecciones-andalucia-moreno-diaz_1664886/|title=Un sondeo con 4 escaños a Vox y la semana negra por el CGPJ amargan la campaña al PP|work=El Confidencial|date= 24 November 2018|access-date=25 November 2018|language=es}}*{{Cite news|url=http://cadenaser.com/emisora/2018/11/01/radio_bilbao/1541072097_871974.html|title=VOX celebrará el sábado un mitin en el Palacio Euskalduna de Bilbao|last=SER|first=Cadena|date=1 November 2018|work=Cadena SER Euskadi|access-date=25 November 2018|language=es-ES}}*{{Cite news|url=https://www.periodistadigital.com/periodismo/tv/2018/10/09/vox-extrema-derecha-ferreras-verstrynge-salvini-le-pen-lasexta-abascal.shtml|title=Ferreras llama a Verstrynge para que advierta del peligro de VOX, pero el gurú podemita le chafa la tarde: 'No son extrema derecha'|last=Rodríguez|first=Antonio|date=9 October 2018|access-date=25 November 2018|language=es}}*{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-46063487|title=Vox, el partido político que quiere "hacer España grande otra vez"|last=Hedgecoe|first=Guy|date=2 November 2018|work=BBC News Mundo|access-date=25 November 2018|language=en-GB}} 14. ^{{Cite news|last= de Prada|first=Juan Manuel de Prada|url=https://www.abc.es/opinion/abci-voxeando-201810130622_noticia.html|title=Voxeando|date=13 October 2018|work=ABC|language=es|access-date=14 January 2019}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.lasexta.com/programas/sexta-columna/vox-partido-derecha-que-come-voto-ultra_201402145726c17e4beb28d446027a97.html|title=VOX, el partido a la derecha del PP que se come el voto ultra|author=La Sexta|date=14 February 2014|website=lasexta.com|language=Spanish|access-date=15 January 2018|quote=La ideología de VOX tiene una línea conservadora clara: centralismo a ultranza y no a los nacionalismos}} 16. ^{{cite news|last=Loucaides |first=Darren |title=Will Bannonism Play in Spain? |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/07/vox-party-in-spain-could-bring-right-wing-populist-wave-with-help-from-steve-bannon.html |date=2 July 2018 |access-date=}} 17. ^1 {{cite news|last=Varela|first=Manuela |title="Hay un gran espacio a la derecha del PP, pero nadie ha sabido aún cómo ocuparlo" |work=El Confidencial |url= https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2017-07-29/por-que-no-hay-extrema-derecha-en-espana_1419288/ |date=29 July 2017|access-date=}} {{cite news|last=Ruiz|first= Isabel M.|title=Sin espacio en España para la nueva derecha populista |work=El Mundo |url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/12/26/5a4151ede5fdeabb6c8b4664.html |date=26 December 2017|access-date=}} 18. ^{{cite journal|last=González-Enríquez|first=Carmen|date=14 February 2017|title=The Spanish Exception: Unemployment, inequality and immigration, but no right-wing populist parties|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/Elcano-The%20Spanish%20Exception,%20Unemployment,%20Inequality%20and%20Immigration,%20but%20no%20Right-Wing%20Populist%20Parties.pdf|journal=elcano Royal Institute|volume=|pages=31,34-34|quote=The extreme right was disconcerted by transition to democracy and unable to react: soon it was divided into several groups, each of them claiming to be the true heirs of Falange Española, losing a common leadership. They gradually lost the voters they had gathered in 1979, who fled towards the Alianza Popular or abstention, and they have not gained near 1 per cent of the vote in parliamentary elections since. During the two last decades they have not even reached 0.5 per cent in those elections. Their most salient success was the 2 per cent of all votes obtained in the 2014 European elections by a new party, Vox, led by a former Partido Popular leader, who almost managed to obtain a seat. But this same party won less than 0.3 per cent in the 2015 and 2016 parliamentary elections (figure 20).|via=elcano}} {{cite news|last=Regué |first= Júlia|title=Radiografía de la extrema derecha en Catalunya |work= El Periódico |url= https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20180819/extrema-derecha-catalunya-6970471 |date=19 August 2018|access-date=4 September 2018|language=ES}} {{cite news|last1=Barriaux|first1=Marianne |last2=Villalobos|first2=Alvaro|title=Spain's far-right gains visibility in Catalonia crisis |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20171015/spains-far-right-gains-visibility-in-catalonia-crisis |work=The Local |date=15 October 2017|access-date=29 May 2018|language=en}} 19. ^{{cite news|last= Precedo|first=José |title=Vox: la ultraderecha irrelevante en las urnas agita los juzgados |url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/Vox-derecha-extrema-prospera-juzgados_0_718828397.html |work=eldiario.es |date=17 December 2017|access-date=18 April 2018|language=es}} {{cite news|last=Minder |first= Raphael |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/27/world/europe/spain-catalonia-carles-puigdemont-extradition.html|title= Arrest of Catalan Leader Tests Spain, Separatists and E.U.|date=27 March 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=18 April 2018|language=en-US}} 20. ^{{cite news|last=|first= |title=Spain: No country for old fascists |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/spain-politics-far-right-podemos-rajoy-pp-populism-vox/ |work=Politico Europe |date=26 December 2016 |accessdate=29 May 2018|language=en-US}} {{cite news|last=|first= |title=Spain proves sterile ground for far-right parties |url=http://www.dw.com/en/spain-proves-sterile-ground-for-far-right-parties/a-39057276 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=31 May 2017|language=en|accessdate=29 May 2018}} 21. ^{{cite web|last=|first= |title=Política de privacidad de VOX España |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140717024137/https://www.voxespana.es/index.php/aviso-legal |archive-date = 17 July 2014|url= https://www.voxespana.es/aviso-legal/ |website=voxespana.es/aviso-legal | publisher = Aviso Legal |language =es|date=|access-date=}} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=Quintero|first1=L.F.|last2=Alonsof|first2=Mariano |url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/espana/politica/2014-01-14/nace-el-partido-politico-de-abascal-y-ortega-lara-1276508230/|title=Nace Vox, el partido político de Santiago Abascal y Ortega Lara|work=Libertad Digital|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=16 March 2014}} 23. ^1 {{cite news|last=O'Leary|first=Elisabeth|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/16/us-spain-politics-idUSBREA0F1HM20140116|title=Spanish ruling party rebels launch new conservative party|date=16 January 2014|work=Reuters|accessdate=18 April 2018|language=en-US}} 24. ^{{cite news|last=|first= |title= Tristeza y decepción en Vox tras los resultados de las Elecciones Europeas |url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/espana/2014-05-26/tristeza-y-decepcion-en-vox-tras-los-resultados-de-las-elecciones-europeas-1276519600/ |work=Libertad Digital |language =es |date=26 May 2014|access-date=}} 25. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.publico.es/politica/afiliacion-partido-ultraderechista-vox-aumenta-20-40-dias.html|title=La afiliación al partido ultraderechista VOX aumenta un 20% en 40 días|work=Público|accessdate=18 April 2018|language=es-ES}} 26. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.elplural.com/politica/2017/11/03/vox-el-21d-es-fruto-de-un-pacto-oculto-entre-rajoy-y-los-golpistas|title=VOX: "El 21D es fruto de un pacto oculto entre Rajoy y los golpistas"|last=Paradinas|first=Marcos|date=3 November 2017|work=elplural.com|access-date=18 April 2018|language=es}} 27. ^{{cite news|last=García |first=Jesús |title=El TSJ catalán admite la querella de Vox por rebelión contra Puigdemont|url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/10/11/catalunya/1507707978_302026.html|work=El País|date=11 October 2017|accessdate=30 August 2018|language=es}} 28. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.regiondigital.com/noticias/extremadura/298894-los-ex-populares-juan-antonio-morales-y-antonio-pozo-se-incorporan-a-vox.html |work=Región Digital|language=es-ES|date=10 September 2018|accessdate=19 November 2018|title=Los ex 'populares' Juan Antonio Morales y Antonio Pozo se incorporan a Vox}} 29. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46422036 |title=Spain far-right Vox party gains foothold in Andalusia election |work=BBC News |date=3 December 2018}} 30. ^{{cite news |title=¿Quién es Francisco José Alcaraz, el primer senador de Vox? |url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3566552/0/perfil-francisco-jose-alcaraz-vox-senador/ |accessdate=21 February 2019 |work=20 Minutos |date=19 February 2019 |language=Spanish}} 31. ^{{cite AV media | people= Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca (guest) | date= 7 March 2014 |accessdate= 3 September 2018 | title= VOX se pronuncia sobre el matrimonio gay | medium= Video | publisher= Intereconomiatube via YouTube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCro2WYc4Zc |language=en}} 32. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Casals|first=Xavier|author-link=Xavier Casals|date=21 April 2015|title=Vox y su campaña contra la inmigración masiva|url=http://www.elmanifiesto.com/articulos.asp?idarticulo=5047|journal=ElManifiesto.com}} 33. ^https://www.laopiniondezamora.es/zamora/2019/01/21/vox-apela-inmigracion-buena-atajar/1138744.html 34. ^{{cite news|last=Abascal |first=Santiago |author-link= Santiago Abascal|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/opinion/santiago-abascal/cadiz-covadonga-y-bruselas-77185/ |title=Cádiz, Covadonga y Bruselas |work=Libertad Digital |date=8 November 2015|accessdate=21 July 2018|language=es-ES|quote=Porque estamos convencidos de que nación y soberanía son conceptos íntimamente relacionados. Si somos soberanos es porque somos una Nación y no tenemos derecho a entregar lo que hemos recibido de nuestros mayores. España debe estar en Europa pero sin complejos, reivindicando el papel histórico, industrial y agrícola que merecemos. No debemos ser vasallos de Merkel ni de Tsipras. Ni camareros de Merkel ni paganos de las propinas de Tsipras. Las Cortes de Cádiz proclamaron que la Nación española era libre e independiente y que no podía ser patrimonio de ninguna familia o persona. Proclamaron asimismo que la soberanía reside esencialmente en la Nación, que es la única que tiene derecho a establecer sus leyes fundamentales. Esta declaración de soberanía ha sido una constante en toda nuestra historia constitucional.}} 35. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://cronicaglobal.elespanol.com/politica/vox-fenomeno-mediatico-real_200221_102.html|journal=Crónica Global|title=Vox: ¿fenómeno mediático o real?|date=17 December 2018|first=María Jesús|last=Cañizares}} 36. ^[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/03/europe/spain-far-right-vox-andalucia-intl/index.html Spain's Vox party wins seats as far-right party surges for first time since Franco], CNN, December 3, 2018 37. ^{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Sam |title=Far right victories in Andalucía send shockwave through Spanish politics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/09/far-right-andalucia-seville-vox-party-shockwave-spanish-politics |work=The Guardian |date=9 December 2018|access-date=9 December 2018}} 38. ^{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/politica/2018/12/03/actualidad/1543828526_382772.html|title=Derogar la ley de violencia de género y otros planes de Vox contra el feminismo|first1=Pilar|last1=Álvarez|first2=Isabel|last2=Valdés|date=3 December 2018|work=El Pais|access-date=9 December 2018}} 39. ^1 {{cite news| last = Arroyo |first= Jorge Rodriguez |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/12/03/inenglish/1543832942_674971.html|title=Far-right Spanish political party Vox: What are its policies?|date=3 December 2018|work=El Pais}} 40. ^1 {{Cite journal|url=http://agendapublica.elpais.com/vox-habla-sobre-vox-tres-libros-para-conocer-el-partido/|journal=Agenda Pública|date=19 January 2019|first=Xavier|last=Casals|author-link=Xavier Casals i Meseguer|title=Vox habla sobre Vox. Tres libros para conocer el partido|quote= Su ideario parece hallarse aún en construcción y tiene como eje vertebrador un ultranacionalismo bélico asociado a la “Reconquista” o a una “Covadonga 2.0”, El partido lo identifica con una visión biológica y palingenética de la patria, la “España viva”, pero también con una cultura de inspiración católica.}} Bibliography
External links{{commons category|Vox (political party)|Vox}}
4 : Political schisms|Vox (Spanish political party)|Far-right political parties in Spain|Right-wing populist parties |
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