| 词条 | Tun (unit) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The tun ({{lang-ang|tunne}}, {{lang-la|tunellus}}, Middle Latin: {{lang|la|tunna}}) is an English unit of liquid volume (not weight), used for measuring wine,[1] oil or honey. Typically a large vat or vessel, most often holding 252 wine gallons, but occasionally other sizes (e.g. 256, 240 and 208 gallons) were also used.[2] In one example from 1507, a tun is defined as 240 gallons. {{quote|{{lang-en-emodeng|"He that ys a gawner owght to understonde there ys in a tunne lx systerns and every systern ys iiii galons be yt wyne or oylle."|italic=yes}}Translation: "He that is a gauger ought to understand that there is in a tunne 60 sesters, and every sester is 4 gallons, be it wine or oil." |Untitled manuscript, consisting of a list of various customs duties, dated 15 July 1507[2][3][4]}} The word tun is etymologically related to the word ton for the unit of mass, the mass of a tun of wine being approximately one long ton, which is {{convert|2240|lb|0|comma=gaps}}. HistoryOriginally, the tun was defined as 256 wine gallons;[5] this is the basis for the name of the quarter of 64 corn gallons. At some time before the 15th century, it was reduced to 252 gallons, so as to be evenly divisible by other small integers, including seven.[6] With the adoption of the Queen Anne wine gallon of 231 cubic inches the tun approximated the volume of a cylinder with both diameter and height of 42 inches.[7] These were adopted as the standard US liquid gallon and tun. When the imperial system was introduced the tun was redefined in the UK and colonies as 210 imperial gallons. The imperial tun remained evenly divisible by small integers.[8] There was also little change in the actual value of the tun.[9] Standard tuns of wine came to serve as a measure of a ship's weight capacity.[10]
DefinitionsIn the US customary system, the tun (symbol: US tu[14]) is defined as 252 US fluid gallons.[14] In the imperial system, the tun is defined as 210 imperial gallons. ConversionsBoth the imperial and US tuns were subdivided into smaller units as follows.
Notes1. ^{{Cite book|title = Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins.|last = Cardarelli|first = F.|publisher = Springer|year = 2003|isbn = 978-1-4471-1122-1|location = London|pages = 49}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal|journal=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society |title=A Dictionary of Weights and Measures for the British Isles: The Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century, Volume 168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0l_k-XMIiQIC&pg=PA375&lpg=PA375&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|last=Zupko |first=Ronald E. | publisher=American Philosophical Society |volume=168 |year=1985 |isbn=9780871691682 |quote=Quoting Gras (1918), p. 706}} 3. ^{{cite book|last= Gras |first=Norman S.B. |title=Early English Customs Systems |year=1918|page=706 |location=Cambridge |quote=Quoting Forgon (1507) }} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Forgon|first=T. |title=Untitled manuscript, consisting of a list of various customs duties |publisher=Reproduced at sizes.com |url=http://www.sizes.com/units/tun.htm|date=15 July 1507}} 5. ^{{gaps|256|{{=}}|28}} 6. ^252 = {{gaps|22|×|32|×|7}} 7. ^The volume, V, of this cylinder may be approximated from the height, h, and the radius, r, as follows.{||-|valign=top rowspan=4|V |= πr2h|-|≈ {{gaps|{{frac|22|7}}|×|(21 in)2|×|42 in}}| since π ≈ {{frac|22|7}}|-|= {{gaps|(22|×|32|×|7)|×|(3|×|7|×|11)}} cu in|-|= {{gaps|252|×|231}} cu in|} 8. ^210 = {{gaps|2|×|3|×|5|×|7}} 9. ^The imperial tun is only about {{#expr:954.6789/9.53923769568-100round4}}% larger than the US tun assuming current definitions. Note that {{nowrap|5 imp gal ≈ 6 US gal}}. 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/narmain/narmain.html |title=Naval Architecture for All |publisher=United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics |accessdate=October 13, 2008}}. "Historically, a very important and standard cargo for European sailing vessels was wine, stored and shipped in casks called tuns. These tuns of wine, because of their uniform size and their universal demand, became a standard by which a ship's capacity could be measured. A tun of wine weighed approximately 2,240 pounds, and occupied nearly 60 cubic feet." (Gillmer, Thomas (1975). Modern Ship Design. United States Naval Institute.) "Today the ship designers standard of weight is the long ton which is equal to 2,240 pounds." 11. ^The conversion to litres is approximate and given as a range to reflect the varying definitions of the gallon and the tun in terms of the gallon. 12. ^1 2 The conversion to litres is exact assuming the current 4.54609-litre definition of the imperial gallon. 13. ^1 2 The conversion to litres is exact assuming the current 25.4-millimetre definition of the international inch. 14. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book|title = Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Their SI Equivalences and Origins.|last = Cardarelli|first = F.|publisher = Springer|year = 2003|isbn = 978-1-4471-1122-1|location = London|pages = 43}} References{{reflist}} 2 : Units of volume|Customary units of measurement |
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