“Tupi–Guarani languages”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Tupi–Guarani languages

释义

Classification
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) Michael, et al. (2015)
See also
References
External links

{{Infobox language family
|name=Tupi–Guarani
|region=Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru
|familycolor=American
|fam1=Tupian
|glotto=tupi1276
|glottorefname=Tupi–Guarani
|child1=Guarani
|child2=Guarayu
|child3=Tupi
|child4=Teneteharan
|child5=Kawahib
|child6=Kamayurá
|child7=Xingu
|child8=Northern
|map=Tupi languages.png
|mapcaption=Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey)
}}

Tupi–Guarani ({{Audio|Br-TupiGuarani.ogg|pronunciation}}) is the name of the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It includes fifty languages, including the best-known languages of the family, Guarani and Old Tupi.

The words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and kapopeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.{{Citation needed|reason=This is a serious claim to make, as it implies that the Guarani Languages have contributed to major cultural aspects of Brazil. There must be a source of this information|date=April 2018}}

Classification

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

Guaraní (Group I)
Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna, Sirionó (dialects Yuqui, Jorá)
Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects Nheengatu, {{Sc|aka}} Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua, Tupinikin
Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
Kawahib (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diagói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
Kamayurá (Group VII)
Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
Northern (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral

Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.

Michael, et al. (2015)

Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi-Guarani languages.

Tupí-Guaraní

Kamaiurá
Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
- (branch)
- Guajá
- Ka'ápor
- Avá-Canoeiro
- Central
- (branch)
- Anambé, Araweté
- Xingú Asurini
- (branch)
- Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã
- Tapirapé
- Peripheral
- Wayampi, Emerillon
- Kayabí, Parintintin
- Diasporic
- Tembé
- (Diasporic core branch)
- (branch)
- Omagua, Kokama
- Tupinambá
- Southern
- Sirionó, Yuki
- Guarayu, Pauserna
- Guaranian
- Aché
- Mbyá
- Paraguay Guaraní
- (branch)
- Xetá, Kaiowá, Ñandeva
- Tapiete, Chiriguano

O'Hagan (2014)^[1] proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinamba expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Parana River basin.

References

1. ^O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.

Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1331v899 A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní]. LIAMES 15(2):193-221.

External links

Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)

{{Tupian languages}}{{Language families}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupi-Guarani Languages}}{{tupian-lang-stub}}

3 : Tupi–Guarani languages|Verb–subject–object languages|Indigenous languages of South America (Central)

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Classification

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Michael, et al. (2015)

See also

References

External links