| 词条 | Tupolev TB-1 | ||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Tupolev TB-1[1] (development name ANT-4) was a Soviet bomber aircraft, an angular monoplane that served as the backbone of the Soviet bomber force for many years, and was the first large all-metal aircraft built in the Soviet Union. Design and developmentIn 1924, the Soviet Air Force instructed TsAGI, (Центра́льный аэрогидродинами́ческий институ́т (ЦАГИ) – Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut or Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute) to design a heavy-bomber. TsAGI gave the task to the division led by Andrei Tupolev.[2] Tupolev's team designed a twin-engined all-metal monoplane with a corrugated Duralumin skin — based on Tupolev's earlier work utilizing the all-metal aircraft design techniques first pioneered by Hugo Junkers in 1918 — powered by two Napier Lion engines, and named the ANT-4.[3] The first prototype was built during 1925 on the second floor of Tupolev's factory in Moscow, it being necessary to knock down a wall to allow the aircraft to be taken out of the building in pieces. After reassembly at Moscow's Khodynka Aerodrome, it was flown on 26 November 1925.[4] Testing was successful, and it was decided to put the ANT-4 into production as the TB-1. Production was delayed, however, by shortages of aluminium, and by the need to find a replacement for the expensive imported Lion engines, the BMW VI (and later the Soviet licence-built version, the Mikulin M-17). Production eventually started at the ex-Junkers factory at Fili, Moscow in 1929, 216 following the two prototypes, production continuing until 1932.[5][6] It was produced in both wheel- and float-gear variants (a total of 66 ANT-4 seaplanes built). Operational historyThe first production aircraft was completed as an unarmed civil aircraft, named Strana Sovyetov (Land of the Soviets) for a propaganda flight from Moscow to New York, taking an eastward course via Siberia, reaching its destination on 3 November, flying 21,242 km (13,194 mi) in 137 flying hours.[7] The TB-1 became the Soviet Air Forces' first standard heavy bomber, also being fitted with floats for use as a torpedo bomber (TB-1P), and for aerial survey operations. It was also widely used for experimental purposes, being the first mothership used in the Zveno Parasite aircraft project, carrying two I-4 fighters over the aircraft's wings.[8] The TB-1 was replaced as a heavy bomber by the similar, but much larger, four-engined Tupolev TB-3, with many aircraft being converted to civil freighters (designated G-1) for use by Aeroflot and Aviaarktika, Aeroflot's polar division. One Avia Arktika ANT-4, flown by Anatoly Liapidevsky, played a key role in the rescue of the crew of the steamship Chelyuskin, which sank on 12 February 1934 after being trapped in ice near the Bering Strait. Liapidevsky was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. G-1s continued in use with Avia Arktika until 1948.[8][9] Variants
SurvivorsOne ANT-4, an ex-Aviaarktika Tupolev G-1, survives, being preserved at the Ulyanovsk Aircraft Museum.[9] Operators
Specifications (TB-1){{aircraft specifications|ref=The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995[11] |plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |crew=six |length main= 18.00 m |length alt= 59 ft 0⅔ in |span main= 28.7 m |span alt= 94 ft 2 in |height main= 5.1 m[12] |height alt= 16 ft 8¾ in |area main= 120.0 m² |area alt= 1,292 ft² |empty weight main= 4,520 kg |empty weight alt= 9,965 lb |loaded weight main= 6,810 kg |loaded weight alt= 15,013 lb |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |number of props=2 |engine (prop)=M-17 |type of prop=V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine |power main=510 kW |power alt=680 hp |max speed main=178 km/h |max speed alt=96 kt, 111 mph |cruise speed main=156 km/h |cruise speed alt=84 knots, 97 mph |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |range main= 1,000 km |range alt= 540 nm, 621 mi |ceiling main= 4,830 m |ceiling alt= 15,846 ft |climb rate main=3.03 m/s |climb rate alt=596 ft/min |loading main=56.8 kg/m² |loading alt=11.6 lb/ft² |power/mass main=0.15 kW/kg |power/mass alt=0.091 hp/lb |guns= 6 × DA machine guns |bombs= 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) }} See also{{aircontent|related=
|similar aircraft= |sequence= |lists=
}} Notes1. ^The abbreviation TB stands for Тяжёлый бомбардировщик (Tyazholy Bombardirovschik), Russian for 'heavy bomber'. 2. ^Gunston 1995, p.381. 3. ^Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.36. 4. ^Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.36-7. 5. ^Gunston 1995, pp.381–383. 6. ^Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.222. 7. ^Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.38. 8. ^1 Gunston 1995, p.383. 9. ^1 Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.39. 10. ^Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Sergey (2013). Unflown wings: Soviet and Russian unrealized aircraft projects 1925-2010. Birmingham: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1906537340}}. 11. ^Gunston 1995, pp.385–386. 12. ^Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.207. References{{refbegin}}
External links{{commons category|Tupolev ANT-4}}
5 : Tupolev aircraft|Soviet and Russian bomber aircraft 1920–1929|Four-engined tractor aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1925|Four-engined piston aircraft |
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