| 词条 | Tupolev Tu-85 | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Tupolev Tu-85 (USAF/DoD reporting name 'Type 31',[1] NATO reporting name Barge[2]) was a Soviet prototype strategic bomber based on the Tu-4, an unlicensed reverse engineered copy of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. It was the ultimate development of the B-29 family, being over 50% heavier than its ancestor and had nearly double the range. Only two prototypes were built before the program was canceled in favor of the Tupolev Tu-95 bomber which was much faster and had the same range. DevelopmentNeither the Tu-4 nor the Tupolev Tu-80 were true intercontinental strategic bombers as they both lacked the range to attack the United States from bases in the Soviet Union and return. The Tu-85 was designed to achieve the necessary range by use of more powerful and fuel-efficient engines, a redesigned wing to increase the lift/drag ratio and the addition of more fuel. A large number of engines were considered before settling on the {{convert|4500|hp|adj=on}} Shvetsov ASh-2K, essentially two air-cooled ASh-82 radial engines paired together and the liquid-cooled {{convert|4300|hp|adj=on}} Dobrynin VD-4K six-bank inline engine, similar in configuration to the failed German Junkers Jumo 222, for a format of engine/airframe proposed much earlier during World War II's later phases in late July 1943, for the Heinkel firm's Amerikabomber never-built contract contender. Both proposed engine designs for the Tu-85 were given turbochargers and power-recovery turbines which converted them into turbo-compound engines. The Shvetsov design was preferred, but was not yet mature enough for use, and the VD-4K was selected. A lot of effort was put into refining the design of the wing in collaboration with TsAGI. It had an aspect ratio of 11.745 and a taper of 2.93 for optimum lift at high-altitudes.[3] The Tu-85 carried {{convert|63600|l|usgal}} of fuel in 48 flexible tanks.[4] Much of the armament and equipment was derived from those of the late-model Tu-4, including the four remotely-controlled dorsal and ventral turrets and the tail turret, each with two {{convert|23|mm|abbr=on}} Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23 cannon. But the Tu-85's tail turret had Argon ranging radar and each of the two bomb bays was enlarged to hold a {{convert|9000|kg|abbr=on}} FAB-9000 bomb.[3] Actual design work began in August 1949 and was ratified by a directive from the Council of Ministers dated 16 September that required the first prototype to be ready for manufacturer's tests in December 1950. Construction of the first aircraft began in July 1950 and was completed in September.[5] It first flew on 9 January 1951 and the manufacturer's tests lasted until October 1951. On 12 September the first prototype flew {{convert|9020|km|abbr=on}} with a bombload of {{convert|5000|kg|abbr=on}}, landing with enough fuel remaining to have covered {{convert|12018|km|abbr=on}}.[4] The second prototype, sometimes referred to as the 85D ({{lang-ru|link=no|dooblyor}}) or 85/2, incorporated the lessons learned from the first aircraft, including revision and reinforcement of the airframe and a variety of changes to its equipment and systems. It was first flown on 28 June 1951 and its trials lasted until November 1951. Series production was approved on 23 March 1951 at three factories where it would succeed the Tu-4 on the production line, but this was reversed later in the year and the program was cancelled: during the Korean War Soviet MiG-15s brought down many US B-29 bombers, showing that there was no future for piston aircraft in combat use. Priority was given to the higher-performance turboprop Tu-95 'Bear',[5] as its own turboprop powerplants, the TV-12 prototype series for the Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprops that power the Tu-95 to this day, were already generating 12,000 shp as early as 1951.[6] Specifications (Tu-85/1){{aircraft specifications|ref=Gordon, OKB Tupolev: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft |plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |crew=11–12 |length main=39.306 m |length alt=128.96 ft |span main=55.96 m |span alt=183.6 ft |height main=11.358 m |height alt=37.26 ft |area main=273.6 m² |area alt=2,945 ft² |empty weight main=54,711 kg |empty weight alt=120,364 lb[4] |loaded weight main=76,000 kg |loaded weight alt=167,200 lb |max takeoff weight main=107,292 kg |max takeoff weight alt=236,534 lb |engine (prop)=Dobrynin VD-4K |type of prop=turbo-compound radial engines |number of props=4 |power main=3,200 kW |power alt=4,300 hp |max speed main=638 km/h |max speed alt=344 kn, 396 mph |range main=12,000 km |range alt=6,500 nmi, 7,457 mi |ceiling main=11,700 m |ceiling alt=38,376 ft |climb rate main=17 m/s |climb rate alt=3,280 ft/min |loading main=277 kg/m² |loading alt=57 lb/ft² |power/mass main=170 W/kg |power/mass alt=0.10 hp/lb |armament=
}} See also{{aircontent|related=
|similar aircraft=
|sequence= |lists= |see also= }} ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_DOD_Type |title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles |publisher=Designation-systems.net |date=18 January 2008 |accessdate=28 September 2011}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Bomber |title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles |publisher=Designation-systems.net |date=18 January 2008 |accessdate=28 September 2011}} 3. ^1 Gordon, p. 115 4. ^1 2 Gunston, p. 146 5. ^1 Gordon, p. 116 6. ^Kuznetsov NK-12 (Russian Federation) - Jane's Aero-Engines Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links{{commons category|Tupolev aircraft}}
7 : Soviet bomber aircraft 1950–1959|Tupolev aircraft|Four-engined tractor aircraft|Boeing B-29 Superfortress|Mid-wing aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1951|Four-engined piston aircraft |
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