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词条 Tupolev Tu-95
释义

  1. Design and development

      Tu-116  

  2. Operational history

      Cold War    Present and future status  

  3. Incidents

  4. Variants

     Tu-95 derivatives 

  5. Operators

     Former operators 

  6. Specifications (Tu-95MS)

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{short description|Russian strategic bomber aircraft}}
name=Tu-95image=File:Russian Bear 'H' Aircraft MOD 45158140.jpgcaption=Tu-95MS Bear H RF-94130 off Scotland in 2014
}}{{Infobox aircraft type		type=Strategic heavy bombernational origin=Soviet Unionmanufacturer=Tupolevdesigner=first flight=12 November 1952introduced=1956retired=status=In serviceprimary user= Russian Aerospace Forcesmore users= Soviet Air Forces (historical)
Soviet Navy (historical)		produced=1952–1993number built=500+unit cost=variants with their own articles= Tupolev Tu-114
Tupolev Tu-142
Tupolev Tu-95LAL
}}

The Tupolev Tu-95 ({{lang-ru|Туполев Ту-95}}; NATO reporting name: "Bear") is a large, four-engine turboprop-powered strategic bomber and missile platform. First flown in 1952, the Tu-95 entered service with the Soviet Union in 1956 and is expected to serve the Russian Aerospace Forces until at least 2040.[1]

A development of the bomber for maritime patrol is designated Tu-142, while a passenger airliner derivative was called Tu-114.

The aircraft has four Kuznetsov NK-12 engines with contra-rotating propellers. It is the only propeller-powered strategic bomber still in operational use today. The Tu-95 is one of the loudest military aircraft, particularly because the tips of the propeller blades move faster than the speed of sound.[2] Its distinctive swept-back wings are set at an angle of 35°. The Tu-95 is unique as a propeller-driven aircraft with swept wings that has been built in large numbers.

Design and development

The design bureau, led by Andrei Tupolev, designed the Soviet Union's first intercontinental bomber, the 1949 Tu-85, a scaled-up version of the Tu-4, a Boeing B-29 Superfortress copy.[3]

A new requirement was issued to both Tupolev and Myasishchev design bureaus in 1950: the proposed bomber had to have an un-refueled range of 8,000 km (4,970 mi)—far enough to threaten key targets in the United States. Other goals included the ability to carry an 11,000 kg (24,200 pounds) load over the target.[4]

Tupolev was faced with selecting a suitable type of powerplant: the Tu-4 showed that piston engines were not powerful enough for such a large aircraft, and the AM-3 jet engines for the proposed T-4 intercontinental jet bomber used too much fuel to give the required range.[5] Turboprop engines were more powerful than piston engines and gave better range than the turbojets available at the time, and gave a top speed between the two. Turboprops were also initially selected for the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress to meet its long range requirement,[6] and for the British long-range transport aircraft, the Saunders-Roe Princess, the Bristol Brabazon and the Bristol Britannia.

Tupolev proposed a turboprop installation and Tu-95 design with this configuration was officially approved by the government on 11 July 1951. It used four Kuznetsov[7] coupled turboprops, each fitted with two contra-rotating propellers with four blades each, with a nominal 8,948 kW (12,000 effective shaft horse power [eshp]) power rating. The engine, advanced for its time, was designed by a German team of ex-Junkers prisoner-engineers under Ferdinand Brandner. The fuselage was conventional with a mid-mounted wing with 35 degrees of sweep, an angle which ensured that the main wing spar passed through the fuselage in front of the bomb bay. Retractable tricycle landing gear was fitted, with all three gear strut units retracting rearwards, with the main gear units retracting rearwards into extensions of the inner engine nacelles.[4]

The Tu-95/I, with 2TV-2F engines, first flew in November 1952 with test pilot Alexey Perelet at the controls.[8] After six months of test flights this aircraft suffered a propeller gearbox failure and crashed, killing Perelet. The second aircraft, Tu-95/II used four 12,000 eshp Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprops which proved more reliable than the coupled 2TV-2F. After a successful flight testing phase, series production of the Tu-95 started in January 1956.[7]

For a long time, the Tu-95 was known to U.S./NATO intelligence as the Tu-20. While this was the original Soviet Air Force designation for the aircraft, by the time it was being supplied to operational units it was already better known under the Tu-95 designation used internally by Tupolev, and the Tu-20 designation quickly fell out of use in the USSR. Since the Tu-20 designation was used on many documents acquired by U.S. intelligence agents, the name continued to be used outside the Soviet Union.[4]

Initially the United States Department of Defense evaluated the Tu-95 as having a maximum speed of 644 km/h (400 mph) with a range of 12,500 km (7,800 mi).[9] These numbers had to be revised upward numerous times.[4]

Like its American counterpart, the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, the Tu-95 has continued to operate in the Russian Air Force while several subsequent iterations of bomber design have come and gone. Part of the reason for this longevity was its suitability, like the B-52, for modification to different missions. Whereas the Tu-95 was originally intended to drop free-falling nuclear weapons, it was subsequently modified to perform a wide range of roles, such as the deployment of cruise missiles, maritime patrol (Tu-142), and even civilian airliner (Tu-114). An AWACS platform (Tu-126) was developed from the Tu-114. An icon of the Cold War, the Tu-95 has served, not only as a weapons platform, but as a symbol of Soviet and later Russian national prestige. Russia’s air force has received the first examples of a number of modernised strategic bombers in Tu-95MSs following upgrade work. Enhancements have been confined to the bomber's electronic weapons and targeting systems.[10]

Tu-116

{{main|Tupolev Tu-116}}

Designed as a stopgap in case the Tu-114A was not finished on time, two Tu-95 bombers were fitted with passenger compartments. Both aircraft had the same layout: office space, a passenger cabin consisting of 2 sections which could each accommodate 20 people in VIP seating, and the rest of the 70 m³ cabin configured as a normal airliner. Both aircraft were eventually used as crew ferries by the various Tu-95 squadrons.[11] One of these machines is preserved at Ulyanovsk Central Airport.

Operational history

Cold War

The Tu-95RT variant in particular was a veritable icon of the Cold War as it performed a maritime surveillance and targeting mission for other aircraft, surface ships and submarines. It was identifiable by a large bulge under the fuselage, which reportedly housed a radar antenna that was used to search for and detect surface ships.[12]

A series of nuclear surface tests were carried out by the Soviet Union in the early to mid 1960s. On October 30, 1961 a modified Tu-95 carried and dropped the AN602 device named Tsar Bomba, which was the most powerful thermonuclear device ever detonated.[13] Video footage of that particular test exists[14] since the event was filmed for documentation purposes. The footage shows the specially adapted Tu-95V plane – painted with anti-flash white[15] on its ventral surfaces – taking off carrying the bomb, in-flight scenes of the interior and exterior of the aircraft, and the detonation. Along with the Tsar Bomba, the Tu-95 proved to be a versatile bomber that would deliver the RDS-4 Tatyana (a fission bomb with a yield of forty-two kilotons), RDS-6S thermonuclear bomb, the RDS-37 2.9-megaton thermonuclear bomb, and the RP-30-32 200-kiloton bomb.[20] The bomb was attached underneath the aircraft, which carried the weapon semi-externally since it could not be carried inside a standard Tu-95's bomb-bay, similar to the way the B.1 Special version of the Avro Lancaster did with the ten-tonne Grand Slam "earthquake bomb".

The early versions of this bomber lacked comfort for their crews. They had a dank and dingy interior and there was neither a toilet nor a galley in the aircraft.[16] Though the living conditions on the bomber were unsatisfactory, the crews would often take two 10-hour mission trips a week to ensure combat readiness. This gave an annual total of around 1,200 flight hours.[17]

The bomber had the best crews available due to the nature of their mission. They would undertake frequent missions into the Arctic to practice transpolar strikes against the United States. Unlike their American counterparts they never flew their missions with armed nuclear weapons. This hindered their mission readiness due to the fact that live ammunition had to come from special bunkers on the bases and loaded into the aircraft from the servicing trench below the bomb bay, a process that could take two hours.[18]

Present and future status

In 1992, newly independent Kazakhstan began returning the Tu-95 aircraft of the 79th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division at Dolon air base to the Russian Federation.[19] The bombers joined those already at the Far Eastern Ukrainka air base.[20]

All Tu-95s now in Russian service are the Tu-95MS variant, built in the 1980s and 1990s. On 18 August 2007, President Vladimir Putin announced that Tu-95 patrols would resume, 15 years after they had ended.[21]

NATO fighters are often sent to intercept and escort Tu-95s as they perform their missions along the periphery of NATO airspace, often in close proximity to each other.[22][23][24][25]

Russian Tu-95s reportedly took part in a naval exercise off the coasts of France and Spain in January 2008, alongside Tu-22M3 Backfire strategic bombers and airborne early-warning aircraft.[26]

During the Russian Stability 2008 military exercise in October 2008, Tu-95MS aircraft fired live air-launched cruise missiles for the first time since 1984. The long range of the Raduga Kh-55 cruise missile means Tu-95MS Bears can once again serve as a strategic weapons system.[27]

In July 2010, two Russian Tu-95MS strategic bombers set a world record for a non-stop flight for an aircraft in the class, when they spent more than 43 hours in the air. The bombers flew through the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific oceans and the Sea of Japan, covering in total more than 30,000 km with four mid-air refuelings. The main task was to check the performance of the aircraft during such a long flight, in particular monitoring the engines and other systems.[28]

On 17 November 2015, Tu-95s had their combat debut, being employed for the first time in long-range airstrikes as part of the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War.[29][30]

Incidents

In 1968 two planes were lost over the Black Sea during a training flight. Both planes fell into the sea, one of them was to be salvaged later, and only one crew member out of 18 survived. These planes had been operating from AFB Uzyn (Ukraine).

On June 8, 2015 a Tu-95 ran off a runway at the Ukrainka bomber base and caught fire during take-off in the far eastern Amur region. As a result, one crew member was killed.[31][32]

On July 14, 2015 it was reported that a Tu-95MS had crashed outside Khabarovsk, killing two of seven crew members.[33]

Variants

Tu-95/1
The first prototype powered by Kuznetsov 2TV-2F coupled turboprop engines.
Tu-95/2
The second prototype powered by Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprops.
Tu-95
Basic variant of the long-range strategic bomber and the only model of the aircraft never fitted with a nose refuelling probe. Known to NATO as the Bear-A.
Tu-95K
Experimental version for air-dropping a MiG-19 SM-20 jet aircraft.
Tu-95K22
Conversions of the older Bear bombers, reconfigured to carry the Raduga Kh-22 missile and incorporating modern avionics. Known to NATO as the Bear-G.
Tu-95K/Tu-95KD
Designed to carry the Kh-20 air-to-surface missile. The Tu-95KD aircraft were the first to be outfitted with nose probes. Known to NATO as the Bear-B.
{{not a typo|Tu-95KM}}
Modified and upgraded versions of the Tu-95K, most notable for their enhanced reconnaissance systems. These were in turn converted into the Bear-G configuration. Known to NATO as the Bear-C.
//Tupolev Tu-95LAL">Tu-95LAL: Experimental nuclear-powered aircraft project.
Tu-95M
Modification of the serial Tu-95 with the NK-12M engines. 19 were built.
Tu-95M-55
Missile carrier.
Tu-95MR
Bear-A modified for photo-reconnaissance and produced for Naval Aviation. Known to NATO as the Bear-E.
Tu-95MS/Tu-95MS6/Tu-95MS16
Completely new cruise missile carrier platform based on the Tu-142 airframe. This variant became the launch platform of the Raduga Kh-55 cruise missile and put into serial production in 1981.[34] Known to NATO as the Bear-H and was referred to by the U.S. military as a Tu-142 for some time in the 1980s before its true designation became known.
Tu-95MS6
Capable of carrying six Kh-55, Kh-55SM or Kh-555 cruise missiles on a rotary launcher in the aircraft's weapons bay. 32 were built.[35]
Tu-95MS16
Fitted with four underwing pylons in addition to the rotary launcher in the fuselage, giving a maximum load of 16 Kh-55s or 14 Kh-55SMs. 56 were built.[35]
Tu-95MSM
Modernized version of MS16 with advanced radio-radar equipment as well as a target-acquiring/navigation system based on GLONASS. Four underwing pylons for up to 8 Kh-101/102 stealth cruise missiles.[36] 19 aircraft have been modernized as of late December 2018.[37][38][39][40][41] Its combat debut was made on 17 November 2016 in Syria.[42]
Tu-95N
Experimental version for air-dropping an RS ramjet powered aircraft.
Tu-95RT
Variant of the basic Bear-A configuration, redesigned for maritime reconnaissance and targeting as well as electronic intelligence for service in the Soviet Naval Aviation. Known to NATO as the Bear-D.
Tu-95U
Training variant, modified from surviving Bear-As but now all have been retired. Known to NATO as the Bear-T.
Tu-95V
Special carrier aircraft to test-drop the largest thermonuclear weapon ever designed, the Tsar Bomba.
Tu-96
Long-range intercontinental high-altitude strategic bomber prototype, designed to climb up to 16,000-17,000 m.[43] It was a high-altitude version of the Tupolev Tu-95 aircraft with high-altitude augmented turboprop TV-16 engines and with a new, enlarged-area wing. Plant tests of the aircraft were performed with non-high altitude TV-12 engines in 1955–1956.[44]

Tu-95 derivatives

//Tupolev Tu-114">Tu-114: Airliner derivative of Tu-95.
//Tupolev Tu-116">Tu-116: Tu-95 fitted with passenger cabins as a stop-gap while the Tu-114 was being developed. 2 were converted.[45]
//Tupolev Tu-126">Tu-126: AEW&C derivative of Tu-114, itself derived from the Tu-95.
//Tupolev Tu-142">Tu-142: Maritime reconnaissance/anti-submarine warfare derivative of Tu-95. Known to NATO as the Bear-F.

Several other modifications of the basic Tu-95/Tu-142 airframe have existed, but these were largely unrecognized by Western intelligence or else never reached operational status within the Soviet military.

Operators

{{RUS}}
  • Russian Aerospace Forces
    • Russian Air Force – 48 Tu-95MS and 12 Tu-95MSM are in service {{as of|2017|lc=on}}.[46]
    • 6950th Guards Air Base – Engels-2 (air base), Saratov Oblast
    • 184th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment
    • 6952nd Air Base – Ukrainka (air base), Amur Oblast
    • 182nd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment
    • 79th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment
    • 43rd Center for Combat Application and Training of Aircrew for Long Range Aviation – Dyagilevo (air base), Ryazan Oblast[47][48]
    • 2nd Instructor Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment

Former operators

{{USSR}}
  • Soviet Air Forces – aircraft were transferred to Russian and Ukrainian Air Forces after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
    • 106th Heavy Bomber Air Division – the first Tu-95s division formed in 1956.[49] The division commander was twice-Hero of the Soviet Union A. G. Molodchi.[50]
    • 1006th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Uzyn Air Base, Kiev Oblast, Ukrainian SSR
    • 409th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Uzyn Air Base, Kiev Oblast, Ukrainian SSR
    • 182nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – Mozdok, Severo-Osetinskaya ASSR
    • 79th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division – Dolon (air base), Semipalatinsk Oblast, Kazakh SSR[51]
    • 1223rd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment
    • 1226th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment
    • 73rd Heavy Bomber Aviation Division – Ukrainka (air base), Amur Oblast, Russian SFSR[52]
    • 40th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment – united with the 182nd TBAP in 1998 at the Ukrainka Air Base
    • 79th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment
  • Soviet Naval Aviation
    • 392nd Separate Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment – Kipelovo, Vologda Oblast, Russian SFSR[53]
    • 304th Separate Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment – Khorol Airfield, Primorsky Krai, Russian SFSR[53]
    • 169th Independent Guards Mixed Aviation Regiment – Cam Ranh Base, Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam[54]
{{UKR}}
  • Ukrainian Air Force – inherited 23–29 Tu-95MS aircraft after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and subsequently handed 3 Tu-95MS and 581 Kh-55 cruise missile to Russia as exchange for gas debt relief in 2000; the remainder were scrapped under the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction agreement led by the US.[55][56]
    • 106th Heavy Bomber Air Division – Uzyn Air Base, Kiev Oblast
    • 1006th Heavy Bomber Regiment
  • Mykolaiv Aircraft Repair Plant – 2 Tu-95MS converted to ecological reconnaissance aircraft in storage, before they were sold for scrapping in 2013.[57][58]
  • Bila Tserkva Aircraft Repair Plant – 5 Russian Tu-95s scrapped at the plant, after an agreement between the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Government of Russia.[59]
  • 1 Tu-95MS in the Museum of Long Range Aviation in Poltava[60] and 1 Tu-95 in Uzyn.[61]{{vs|date=December 2018}}

Specifications (Tu-95MS)

{{aircraft specifications


|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=Combat Aircraft since 1945[62]
|crew=six–seven; pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, communications system operator, navigator, tail gunner plus sometimes another navigator.[63]
|length main=46.2 m[71]
|length alt=151 ft 6 in[71]
|span main=50.10 m[71]
|span alt=164 ft 5 in[64]
|height main=12.12 m
|height alt=39 ft 9 in
|area main=310 m²
|area alt=3,330 ft²
|empty weight main=90,000 kg
|empty weight alt=198,000 lb
|loaded weight main=171,000 kg
|loaded weight alt=376,200 lb
|max takeoff weight main=188,000 kg
|max takeoff weight alt=414,500 lb
|engine (prop)=Kuznetsov NK-12
|type of prop=turboprops
|number of props=4
|power main=11,000 kW
|power alt=14,800 shp
|power original=[65]
|max speed main={{convert|830|km/h|0|lk=on|sp=us|abbr=on}}[5]
|max speed alt=
|cruise speed main={{convert|550|km/h|0|lk=on|sp=us|abbr=on}}[5]
|cruise speed alt=
|range main=15,000 km
|range alt=8,100 nmi, 9,400 mi
|range more=unrefueled
|ceiling main=13,716 m
|ceiling alt=45,000 ft
|climb rate main=10 m/s
|climb rate alt=2,000 ft/min
|loading main=606 kg/m²
|loading alt=124 lb/ft²
|power/mass main=235 W/kg
|power/mass alt=0.143 hp/lb
|armament=
  • Radar-controlled guns: 1 or 2 × 23 mm AM-23 autocannon in tail turret.
  • Missiles: Up to 15,000 kg (33,000 lb), including the Kh-20, Kh-22, and Kh-55/101/102, or 8 Kh-101/102 cruise missiles mounted on underwing pylons.[36]

}}

See also

{{Portal|Aviation|Soviet Union}}{{aircontent
|related=
  • Tupolev Tu-114
  • Tupolev Tu-119
  • Tupolev Tu-126
  • Tupolev Tu-142

|similar aircraft=
  • Convair B-36
  • Boeing XB-55
  • Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
  • Myasishchev M-4 Molot
  • Xian H-6K

|lists=
  • List of bomber aircraft
  • List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

|see also=
}}

References

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38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tupolev.ru/peredacha-tu-95mc|title=ПАО "Туполев" передало Министерству обороны РФ модернизированный стратегический ракетоносец Ту-95МС — Туполев|work=tupolev.ru|accessdate=1 February 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/34477|title=Компания "Туполев" продолжает работы по модернизации ракетоносцев Ту-95МС – Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"|work=vpk-news.ru|accessdate=1 February 2017}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2017/september/3706-tupolev-hands-over-upgraded-tu-160m-tu-95msm-strategic-bombers.html|title=Tupolev hands over upgraded Tu-160M, Tu-95MSM strategic bombers|author=|date=|website=www.airrecognition.com|accessdate=2 February 2019}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/1036626|title=Russian strategic Tu-160 bomber test-fires 12 missiles|author=|date=|website=TASS|accessdate=2 February 2019}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/913163|title=Russia's Tupolev-95MSM bomber delivers first-ever strike on mission to Syria|work=tass.com|accessdate=1 February 2017}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://xn--80aafy5bs.xn--p1ai/aviamuseum/aviatsiya/sssr/bombardirovshhiki-2/bombardirovshhiki-1950-g-1991-g/strategicheskij-bombardirovshhik-tu-95/strategicheskij-bombardirovshhik-tu-96/ |title=Стратегический бомбардировщик Ту-96. - Российская авиация |publisher=Xn--80aafy5bs.xn--p1ai |date=2015-10-03 |accessdate=2019-02-02}}
44. ^"Tu-96." globalsecurity.org. Retrieved: 5 June 2010.
45. ^Duffy and Kandalov 1996, pp. 131–132.
46. ^The Military Balance 2017, p.217
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/division/schools/43tsbppls.htm|title=43rd Center for Combat Employment and Retraining of Personnel DA|website=ww2.dk|accessdate=29 January 2019}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vitalykuzmin.net/Military/43TsBPiPLS/|title=43rd Center for Combat Application and Training of Aircrew for Long Range Aviation|website=vitalykuzmin.net|accessdate=29 January 2019}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/division/bad/106tbad.htm|title=106th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division im. 60th anniversary SSSR|website=ww2.dk|accessdate=29 January 2019}}
50. ^"SSM" manuscript from Yahoo TO&E group
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/division/bad/79tbad.htm|title=79th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division|website=ww2.dk|accessdate=29 January 2019}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/division/bad/73tbad.htm|title=73rd Heavy Bomber Aviation Division|website=ww2.dk|accessdate=29 January 2019}}
53. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.airbase.ru/squad/russia/sea/|title=Авиация ВМФ|website=airbase.ru|accessdate=29 January 2019}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/regiment/bap/169gvtbap.htm|title=169th Guards Roslavlskiy Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment|website=ww2.dk|accessdate=29 January 2019}}
55. ^{{cite web |title=Ukraine Bomber Decommissioning and Transfer Chronology |url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/ukraine_bomber.pdf?_=1317244859 |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |date=April 2005 |accessdate=29 January 2019}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/economy/2000/02/22/samolety/|title=Украина передала России последние два самолета в счет своего долга|date=20 February 2000|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325224352/http://lenta.ru/economy/2000/02/22/samolety/|archivedate=25 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2015/07/9/7073974/|title=Во времена Лебедева чиновники Минобороны продали два самолета как лом|language=Russian|trans-title=Once Lebedev headed Ministry of Defence, its officials sold two aircraft as scrap|publisher=www.pravda.com.ua|date=9 July 2015|accessdate=19 February 2018}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/news.html?_m=publications&_c=view&_t=rec&id=158803|title=Головною військовою прокуратурою викрито факт продажу військових літаків за ціною металобрухту|language=Ukrainian|trans-title=The Main Military Prosecutor's Office disclosed the fact of selling military aircraft at the price of scrap metal|publisher=General Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine|date=9 July 2015|accessdate=19 February 2018}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zavtra.com.ua/news/1/9871/|title=Российские Ту-95 будут ликвидировать в Белой Церкви|website=zavtra.com.ua|date=22 September 2004|accessdate=29 January 2019}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doroga.ua/poi/Poltavskaya/Poltava/Muzej_daljnej_aviacii/1304 |title=Музей дальней авиации, Полтава|language=Russian|trans-title=Museum of long-range aviation, Poltava |publisher=Doroga.ua |date=27 August 2012|accessdate=9 November 2012}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/8947315|title=51 - Tupolev Tu-95 Bear - Ukraine - Air Force - Simon De Rudder|author=|date=|website=JetPhotos|accessdate=2 February 2019}}
62. ^Wilson 2000, p. 137.
63. ^"Tu-95 Bear Strategic Bomber." Airforce-Technology.com. Retrieved: 20 January 2011.{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=August 2016}}
64. ^1 2 3 Grant and Dailey 2007, p. 293.
65. ^Originally measured as 15,000 PS.
Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
  • Bukharin, Oleg, Pavel L. Podvig and Frank von Hippel. Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Boston: MIT Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-262-66181-2}}.
  • Duffy, Paul and Andrei Kandalov. Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1996. {{ISBN|978-1-85310-728-3}}.
  • Eden, Paul (editor). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-904687-84-9}}.
  • Gordon, Yefim and Peter Davidson. Tupolev Tu-95 Bear. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-58007-102-4}}.
  • Grant, R.G. and John R. Dailey. Flight: 100 Years of Aviation. Harlow, Essex: DK Adult, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-7566-1902-2}}.
  • Mladenov, Alexander. "Still Going Strong". Air International. Vol. 89, No. 2, August 2015. pp. 40–47. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
  • Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. {{ISBN|978-1-875671-50-2}}.
{{Refend}}

External links

{{Commons category|Tupolev Tu-95}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812125004/http://rt.com/news/prime-time/bears-prowl-the-atlantic-skies/ "Bears prowl the Atlantic skies" video report from Russia Today]
  • Tu-95 Intercepts From The 1960s Till Today
  • Tu-95МС
{{Tupolev aircraft}}

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