| 词条 | Walney Wind Farm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Walney Wind Farms | image = Walney Offshore Windfarm - geograph.org.uk - 2391702.jpg | image_caption = Walney Wind Farm under construction in 2011 | coordinates = {{coord|54.044|-3.522|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | name_official = | country = England, United Kingdom | location = 14km west of Walney Island off the coast of Cumbria | status = O | construction_began = March 2010 | commissioned = September 2018 | decommissioned = | cost = | owner = | operator = | ps_units_operational = 102 × 3.6 MW, 47 x Siemens Gamesa 7 MW, 40 x MHI Vestas V164 8.25MW | ps_units_manu_model = Siemens Wind Power SWT-3.6 | wind_hub_height = | wind_rotor_diameter = 107 m; 120 m; 154 m; 164 m | wind_rated_speed = | wind_farm_type = Offshore | ps_site_elevation = | wind_site_usage = | ps_site_area = {{Convert|73|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | wind_offshore_depth = | wind_offshore_distance = {{Convert|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | ps_electrical_capacity = 1026 | ps_electrical_cap_fac = | ps_annual_generation = | website = }} Walney Wind Farms are a group of offshore wind farms {{convert|9|mi}} west of Walney Island off the coast of Cumbria, in the Irish Sea, England. The group, operated by Ørsted[1] (formerly Dong Energy), consists of Walney Phase 1, Phase 2 and the Walney Extension. The extension has a capacity of 659 MW[2] making it the world's largest offshore wind farm.[2] The wind farms were developed by Walney (UK) Offshore Windfarms Limited, a partnership between DONG Energy and Scottish and Southern Energy.[3] The farms, which are immediately northwest of the West of Duddon Sands Wind Farm and west of Ormonde Wind Farm, are in water depths ranging from 19m to 23m and cover an area of approximately 73 km2. Both of the first phases have 51 turbines giving a nameplate capacity of 367 MW.[4] Until September 2012 it was the world's largest operational offshore wind farm, and regained this title when the expansion completed in September 2018.[5][2] The first two phases were expected to generate about 1,300 GW·h/year of electricity, with a load factor of 43%.[6][7][8] The Walney Extension opened in September 2018 with a further 87 turbines capable of generating 659 megawatts.[9] Development phases
ConstructionIn 2004 DONG Energy was awarded a 50-year lease from The Crown Estate to develop a wind farm off Walney Island, as part of the second UK offshore wind farm tendering process known as "Round 2".[13] The farm was constructed sequentially in two phases with overlapping installation activities to reduce the overall construction timeframe. The project involved constructing the wind turbines and their foundations, building two offshore substations and installing two undersea power cables, one for each phase, and two short onshore cables to connect to two existing onshore Electrical substations for connection into the UK National Grid. A cable was laid by Stemat Spirit. Phase 1 connects to a substation at Heysham and Phase 2 connects to substation at Stanah, south of Fleetwood. Both undersea cables pass close by Barrow Wind Farm. All the construction work was expected to take less than 2 years, with both phases operational by the end of 2011.[14] On 11 July 2011 Phase 1 became operational, comprising 51 turbines with an installed capacity of 183.6 MW.[15] Walney 2 began sending power to the grid on 1 November 2011. In February 2012, DONG Energy claimed to have installed the 51 turbines in Walney 2 in 5 months and 14 days, including monopiles and complete turbines; about 3.25 days per turbine. Walney 1 took 7 months. The improvement is due to commonality of projects and resources.[16] The wind farm was officially opened on 9 February 2012 by the new energy secretary, Ed Davey, MP,[5] although the last of the 51 turbines in Walney 2 were only activated in April 2012.[17] Walney ExtensionIn November 2014 DONG Energy was given development consent for an extension to the Walney offshore wind farm.[18] The development consent allowed a maximum of 207 turbines to be added to the existing 102 turbines.[18] The maximum generating capacity of the extension was said to be 750 MW although DONG was reported to be proceeding with a project based around 660 MW.[18] Offshore construction began in 2017, onshore support construction having started in 2015.[12] In 2015 DONG chose the 8 MW Vestas V164 for Phase 1,[19] and the 7 MW Siemens gearless turbine for Phase 2.[20] In April 2018, the final turbine of the 87 installed for Phase 1 was completed, with full operation commencing in September 2018.[21] IncidentsIn 2014 a dive vessel, owned by Danish firm Offshore Marine Services, was carrying out routine inspection work when an anchor cable broke and the ship hit one of 102 turbines installed at the Walney Offshore Wind Farm. The UK’s Maritime and Coastguard Agency surveyed the crash site and reported that a surface sheen stretching 33 feet wide and 0.7 nautical miles long was trailing the vessel. The agency said that, unlike heavier crude oil, the marine engine oil should evaporate or disperse naturally.[22] See also{{Portal|England|Weather|Renewable energy}}
References1. ^The World's Biggest Offshore Wind Farm Is Here fortune.com, 6 September 2018. Accessed: 6 September 2018. 2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/06/worlds-largest-offshore-windfarm-opens-cumbrian-coast-walney-extension-brexit|title=World's largest offshore windfarm opens off Cumbrian coast|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=6 September 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dongenergy.com/Walney/About_Dongenergy/Pages/Who%20we%20are.aspx|title=DONG Energy Project website|publisher=|accessdate=20 April 2017}} 4. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.bwea.com/ukwed/offshore.asp | title=UKWED Offshore wind farms | publisher=RenewableUK | accessdate=2010-11-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319125548/http://www.bwea.com/ukwed/offshore.asp# | archive-date=2011-03-19 | dead-url=yes | df= }} 5. ^1 [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/9071998/Worlds-biggest-offshore-wind-farm-opens-off-Britain-as-new-minister-admits-high-cost.html World's biggest offshore wind farm opens off Britain as new minister admits high cost] The Telegraph, 9 February 2012. Accessed: 9 February 2012. 6. ^DONG Energy announcement on Walney Offshore Wind Farm. Accessed: 14 February 2012. 7. ^SSE announcement on Walney Offshore Wind Farm. Accessed: 14 February 2012. 8. ^Note that the published load factor and expected annual generation do not match well: if the 367-MW wind farm is expected to generate 1,300 GW·h a year, then load factor is a bit smaller than claimed (around 40%). 9. ^[https://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/walney-extension-united-kingdom-uk63.html Walney Extension - 4C Offshore], 30 June 2018. Accessed: 8 September 2018. 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lorc.dk/Knowledge/Offshore-renewables-map/Offshore-site-datasheet/Walney-1-Offshore-Wind-Farm/000050 |title=Datasheet for site: Walney 1 Offshore Wind Farm |publisher=Lindoe Offshore Renewables Center |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326084053/http://www.lorc.dk/Knowledge/Offshore-renewables-map/Offshore-site-datasheet/Walney-1-Offshore-Wind-Farm/000050 |archivedate=26 March 2011}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lorc.dk/offshore-wind-farms-map/walney-2 |title=Walney 2 Offshore Wind Farm |publisher=Lindoe Offshore Renewables Center |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502080359/http://www.lorc.dk/offshore-wind-farms-map/walney-2 |archivedate=2 May 2012}} 12. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://walneyextension.co.uk/-/media/WWW/Docs/Corp/UK/Walney-extension/180822_Walney-Extension-Project-Summary-V4.ashx?la=en&hash=4F8D0C0F6EE86D9300B36D2DEFB3462DA4A9C419 |title=Walney Extension Offshore Wind Farm |publisher=Ørsted |year=2018 |format=pdf |accessdate=7 September 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dongenergy.com/Walney/About_Walney/History/Pages/History.aspx|title=Walney wind farm project history|publisher=|accessdate=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120083843/http://www.dongenergy.com/Walney/About_Walney/History/Pages/History.aspx#|archive-date=2011-01-20|dead-url=yes|df=}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dongenergy.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/wind/walney/Walney_Offshore_Windfarm.pdf|title=Walney Project brochure|publisher=|accessdate=20 April 2017}} 15. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.sse.com/Pressreleases/2011/Walney1stPhaseOperational/# |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814112309/http://www.sse.com/Pressreleases/2011/Walney1stPhaseOperational/# |archive-date=2011-08-14 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 16. ^Walney opens for business{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} RE News Europe, 9 February 2012. Accessed: 9 February 2012. 17. ^Newsletter no 25 - April 2012 DONG Energy. Retrieved: 14 June 2012. 18. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/1382947/UK-OK-to-Dongs-660MW-Walney-Extension-offshore-wind|title=UK OK to Dong's 660MW Walney Extension offshore wind|publisher=www.rechargenews.com|date=7 November 2014}} 19. ^Pedersen, Maria Berg Badstue. "Dong vælger Vestas' supermølle" Energy-supply, 18 February 2015. 20. ^Pedersen, Maria Berg Badstue. "Napper Dong-ordre med ny supermølle" Energy-supply, 12 March 2015. 21. ^http://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/walney/Final-turbines-installed-as-Walney-wind-farm-prepares-to-meet-demand-686dd3cb-5bed-4681-884d-3d2d4a87a97e-ds 22. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/oil-spill-offshore-triggered-when-maintenance-ship-hits-wind-turbine-generator-1661220 | title=Oil Spill Offshore Triggered When Maintenance Ship Hits Wind Turbine Generator | publisher=International Business Times | accessdate=2014-09-09}} External links
4 : Buildings and structures in Barrow-in-Furness|Wind farms in England|Round 2 offshore wind farms|Offshore wind farms in the Irish Sea |
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