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词条 Turkish Naval Forces
释义

  1. History

     Ottoman fleet after Mudros  Turkish War of Independence  Directorate of Naval Affairs  Presidency of the Naval Department  Ministry of the Navy  Undersecretariat of the Sea  Naval Forces Command 

  2. Structure

     Marines and Special Forces 

  3. Equipment

     Ships and submarines  Aircraft 

  4. Insignia

  5. Future of the Turkish Navy

  6. See also

  7. References and notes

  8. External links

{{short description|naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces}}{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Turkish Naval Forces
Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri
|image=
|caption=Seal of the Turkish Navy
(Turkish Armed Forces portal)
|dates=
  • 1081 (official claim)[1]
  • July 10, 1920 (as the Directorate of Naval Affairs)[1]
  • July 1, 1949 (as the Turkish Naval Forces Command)[2]

|country= {{TUR}}
|type= Navy
|role= Naval warfare
|size= 48,600 personnel[4]
51 aircraft [5]
|command_structure=Turkish Armed Forces
|garrison=Ankara
|garrison_label= Headquarters
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto= "Always Ready"
|colors=Blue, White & Gold {{color box|#0000FF}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}}{{color box|#FFD700}}
|colors_label=Colors
|march= Turkish Navy March {{audio|Turkish Navy March, December 2013.ogg|Play}}
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=
|anniversaries= September 27[1]
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=
|flying_hours=
|website= {{nowrap|dzkk.tsk.tr/}}
|commander1= President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
|commander1_label = Commander-in-Chief
|commander2= Minister Hulusi Akar
|commander2_label=Minister of National Defence
|commander3 = General Yaşar Güler
|commander3_label = Chief of the General Staff
|commander4=Admiral Adnan Özbal
|commander4_label=Commander
|commander5=Vice Admiral Cihat Yaycı
|commander5_label= Chief of Staff
|notable_commanders=
|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=Flag of Turkish
Naval Forces
Command
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=Naval Aviation Roundel
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=Masthead Pennant
}}{{Turkish Navy}}{{Turkish Armed Forces}}

The Turkish Naval Forces ({{lang-tr|{{italics correction|Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri}}}}), or Turkish Navy ({{lang-tr|{{italics correction|Türk Donanması}}}}) is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces.

The navy can trace its lineage back to the first Turkish fleets to sail the Aegean in the late 11th century, the fleets of the Anatolian beyliks in the 14th century, and, more immediately, to the Ottoman Navy. However, the modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920, when it was established as the Directorate of Naval Affairs during the Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Since July 1949, the service has been officially known as the Turkish Naval Forces.

In 2008, the Turkish Navy had a reported active personnel strength of 48,600; this figure included an Amphibious Marines Brigade as well as several Special Forces and Commando detachments.[3] As of early 2015, the navy operates a wide variety of ships and 51 maritime aircraft.

History

Ottoman fleet after Mudros

{{see also|Ottoman Navy}}

Following the demise of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, on November 3, 1918, the fleet commander of the Ottoman Navy, rear admiral Arif Pasha, ordered all flags to be struck on all warships lying in the Golden Horn and the Ottoman Navy ceased to exist.[4] The major surface combatants of the former Ottoman fleet (totalling 62,000 tons) were rendered inactive by the Allies and in accordance with the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the warships were disarmed during the last week of 1918. The battleship {{ship|Ottoman battleship|Turgut Reis||2}} and the cruisers {{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Hamidiye||2}} and {{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Mecidiye||2}} were substantially limited and kept inactive inside the Golden Horn by the occupying forces.[5] Due to its larger size, the battlecruiser {{ship|Ottoman battlecruiser|Yavuz Sultan Selim||2}} was transferred to the Gulf of Izmit on the grounds that she could adversely affect the sea traffic inside the Golden Horn;[5] while her ammunition and guns were removed.[5] During this period, only a small number of Ottoman Navy vessels were allowed by the Allies to remain on active coast guard duties and were released from internment on 26 February 1919;[4] such as the torpedo boats Akhisar and Dıraç which patrolled the Sea of Marmara, the gunboat Hızır Reis which patrolled the Gulf of İzmir, and the minelayers {{ship|Ottoman minelayer|Nusret||2}} and Tir-i Müjgan which conducted mine cleaning operations in the Gulf of Saros.[5]

Before the Turkish War of Independence began, the Bahriye Nazırlığı (Naval Ministry) sent the gunboat Preveze to Sinop and the gunboat Aydın Reis to Trabzon in February 1919 for surveillance, reconnaissance and patrol duties.[5] However, a lack of coal to fuel their propulsion systems caused the Preveze and Aydın Reis to remain in harbour until the end of 1919.[5] During the early stages of the Turkish War of Independence, these two gunboats did not return to Istanbul, despite heavy pressure from the Ottoman government and the Allies.[5] Instead, they were placed under the command of the Turkish liberation forces led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and headquartered in Ankara.[5]

Turkish War of Independence

Directorate of Naval Affairs

A large number of the naval officers and students of the Naval Academy went to Anatolia for participating in the Turkish War of Independence. On 10 July 1920, the Directorate of Naval Affairs (Umur-u Bahriye Müdürlüğü) was founded in Ankara under the Ministry of National Defense and was given the duty of organizing and maintaining strategic logistical shipping through the Black Sea in order to provide the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with weapons and other supplies.[5] All existing naval institutions in the parts of Anatolia that were administered by the Ankara government were assigned to this Directorate.[5] The Directorate of Naval Affairs was extremely successful in organizing local surface units and volunteers and in forming an intelligence network to discover the movements of the enemy ships.[5] As a result, logistic transportation was carried out effectively.[5] The Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara made an agreement with the Soviet Union to procure supplies for the Turkish liberation forces.[5] Aydın Reis left from Samsun (on 16 September 1920) and Preveze left from Trabzon (on 30 September 1920) for Novorossiysk in order to transport weapons, other supplies and financial aid to the Turkish liberation forces.[4][5] The Trabzon Shipping Detachment, which was founded on 21 September 1920, was renamed as the Trabzon Naval Shipping Command with the directive issued by the Ministry of National Defense on 26 October 1920.[5] On January 1, 1921, the Samsun Naval Command was formed.[26] In the subsequent stages of the Turkish War of Independence, due to the growing need for maritime shipping and the increase in the quantity and quality of the units and small ships, the organizational structure of the Directorate of Naval Affairs was gradually extended.[5]

In the same period, a number of Turkish civilian seamen formed a group under the name of the Naval Aid Organization (Muavenet-i Bahriye).[6] This group secretly obtained cannons, light weapons, ammunition, landmines and ordnance from the former Ottoman military warehouses in Istanbul that were under the control of the occupying Allies and sent them to the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with civil water transportation crafts.[6]

Presidency of the Naval Department

On 1 March 1921, the Directorate of Naval Affairs was transformed into the Presidency of the Naval Department (Bahriye Dairesi Reisliği) and had control over the Naval Commands in Samsun, Amasra and İzmit (formed on 28 June 1921); the Naval Transport Detachment in Trabzon; the Naval Transport Command in Ereğli; the Naval Detachment in Lake Eğirdir; and the Naval Liaison Group in Fethiye (formed on 16 March 1921.)[5] During the War of Independence, Turkish naval forces transported 220,000 tons of weapons, ammunition and equipment to the land forces in Anatolia.[6]

Ministry of the Navy

Following the Armistice of Mudanya on 11 October 1922, the former Ottoman Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Nazırlığı) building in the Kasımpaşa quarter of Istanbul, on the Golden Horn, became the headquarters of the Istanbul Naval Command on 14 November 1922.[5] The establishment of the Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Vekâleti) of the Republic of Turkey, headquartered in Ankara, was decided by the Grand National Assembly on 29 December 1924, and Topçu İhsan Bey (İhsan Eryavuz) was appointed the first (and only) Naval Minister of Turkey.[7][8] When the Republic of Turkey was established on 29 October 1923, the former Ottoman vessels that remained under Turkish control were as follows:[9]

In active service: 2 cruisers ({{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Hamidiye||2}}, Peyk-i Şevket), 2 yachts (Ertuğrul, Söğütlü), 1 destroyer (Taşoz), 4 gunboats (Burak Reis, Hızır Reis, Kemal Reis, İsa Reis), 1 minelayer ({{ship|Ottoman minelayer|Nusret||2}}), 1 aviso (Galata), 4 tugs and 7 motorboats.

Out of service (needing repair): 2 battleships ({{ship|Ottoman battlecruiser|Yavuz Sultan Selim||2}}, {{ship|Ottoman battleship|Turgut Reis||2}}), 2 cruisers (Berk-i Satvet, {{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Mecidiye||2}}), 4 destroyers ({{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Muâvenet-i Millîye||2}}, Nümune-i Hamiyet, Basra, Samsun), 6 torpedo boats ({{ship|Ottoman torpedo boat|Sultanhisar||2}}, Yunus, Akhisar, Dıraç, Musul, Berk Efşan), 1 gunboat (Sakız).

Preparations were made to carry out the maintenance and overhaul of small-tonnage warships (the three Taşoz-class destroyers and the gunboats Burak Reis, Sakız, İsa Reis and Kemal Reis) and to make them combat-ready.[5] Thus, the cruiser Hamidiye, which was planned to be employed as a Cadet Training Ship, was overhauled.[5]

During the 1920s, a commitment to refurbish the battlecruiser {{TCG|Yavuz}} (which remained in active service until 1950) as the centerpiece of the republic's fleet was the only constant element of the various naval policies which were put forward.[10] The battlecruiser remained in İzmit until 1926, in a neglected state:[11][12][13] only two of her boilers worked, she could not steer or steam, and she still had two unrepaired scars from the mine damage in 1918. Enough money was raised to allow the purchase of a new {{convert|26000|t|LT|adj=on|sp=us}} floating dock from the German company Flender,[5] as Yavuz could not be towed anywhere without risk of her sinking in rough seas.[14] The French company Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet was contracted in December 1926 to oversee the subsequent refit, which was carried out by the Gölcük Naval Shipyard.[12] Since the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 required the disarmament of the Turkish Straits, the infrastructures belonging to the Turkish Naval Forces on the Bosphorus (in Istinye) and on the Golden Horn were transferred to Gölcük.[5] In this period, Gölcük was designated as the main Turkish naval base.[5]

The overhaul works of TCG Yavuz proceeded over three years (1927–1930); they were delayed when several compartments of the dock collapsed while being pumped out. Yavuz was slightly damaged before she could be refloated and the dock had to be repaired before the overhaul works could be resumed. The Minister of the Navy, İhsan Eryavuz, was convicted of embezzlement in the resulting investigation which became known as the Yavuz-Havuz case (havuz meaning "dock" in Turkish naval engineering terminology.)[14] The investigation revealed that Ihsan Eryavuz had reduced the insurance obligation of the French company (Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet) from 5 million to 1.5 million Turkish liras, and was convicted guilty of fraud,[15] which resulted in the abolition of the Ministry of the Navy on 27 December 1927.[6][16]

Undersecretariat of the Sea

Following the dissolution of the Ministry of the Navy, the naval forces were reorganized under the Ministry of National Defense[8] and on 16 January 1928[16] the Undersecretariat of the Sea (Deniz Müsteşarlığı) was established in order to undertake the duties of the former Ministry of the Navy.[6] With this new reorganization, the Turkish Fleet Command was put under the command of the Turkish General Staff in terms of administration and logistics.[5] On 2 November 1930, the Naval War College (Deniz Harp Akademisi) commenced training and education of Staff Officers at its facilities in the Yıldız Palace.[5] During World War II, the naval schools were temporarily relocated from Istanbul to Mersin for security reasons and conducted education and training activities in this city.[5]

In 1933, with the approval of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Gölcük was designated as the main base of the Turkish Navy.[5] In the same year, the first new ship built at the Gölcük Naval Shipyard, the tanker TCG Gölcük, was laid down; and launched the following year.[5] With the signing of the Montreaux Convention in 1936, Turkey’s sovereignty over the Turkish Straits was internationally recognized, and Fortified Area Commands were founded on the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, with Naval Detachments assigned to these Commands.[5]

Naval Forces Command

The Turkish Naval Forces were represented under the title of the Naval Undersecreteriat at the Turkish General Staff Headquarters in Ankara from 1928 to 1949.[5] The historic decree of the Higher Military Council on 15 August 1949 led to the foundation of the Turkish Naval Forces Command (Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı.)[5] After Turkey joined NATO on 18 February 1952, the Turkish Naval Forces were integrated into the organizational branches of the alliance.[5]

Structure

In 1961, the Turkish Naval Forces Command was organized into four main subordinate commands: The Turkish Fleet Command, the Turkish Northern Sea Area Command, the Turkish Southern Sea Area Command and the Turkish Naval Training Command.[5] In 1995, the Turkish Naval Training Command was renamed as the Turkish Naval Training and Education Command.[5]

  • Fleet Command
    • Surface Action Group Command, Gölcük Naval Base, Kocaeli
    • Submarine Group Command
    • Fast Patrol Boat Group Command, Istanbul
    • Mine Warfare Group Command, Erdek Naval Base, Balıkesir
    • Logistic Support Group Command, Gölcük Naval Base, Kocaeli
    • Naval Aviation Group Command, Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station, Kocaeli
  • Northern Sea Area Command, Istanbul
    • Istanbul Strait Command
    • Çanakkale Strait Command
    • Naval Hydrography and Oceanography Division Command
    • Naval Museum Command, Istanbul
  • Southern Sea Area Command, İzmir
    • Naval infantry Brigade Command, Foça
    • Amphibious Group Command, Foça
    • Naval infantry Battalion Command, İzmir
    • Accompaniment and Patrol Boats Flotilla
    • Aksaz Naval Base Command, Aksaz Naval Base, Marmaris
  • Naval Training and Education Command, Istanbul
    • Naval Academy, Tuzla, Istanbul
    • Naval High School, Heybeliada, Istanbul
    • Karamürselbey Training Centre Command, Yalova

Marines and Special Forces

The Turkish Navy maintains several marine and special operations units. These include an amphibious marine brigade, several commando detachments and two special operations forces:

  • Amphibious Marine Infantry Brigade Command – ({{lang-tr|Amfibi Deniz Piyade Tugayı}}).
  • Underwater Offence Group Command (S.A.T.) – ({{lang-tr|Sualtı Taarruz Grup Komutanlığı}}).
  • Underwater Defence Group Command (S.A.S.) – ({{lang-tr|Sualtı Savunma Grup Komutanlığı}}).

Equipment

Ships and submarines

{{Further|List of active ships of the Turkish Naval Forces|Lists of ships of the Turkish Navy|List of miscellaneous ships of the Turkish Navy}}

As of 2015, the navy operates a wide variety of ships, including; 16 frigates, 8 corvettes, 13 submarines, 23 missile boats, 28 patrol boats, 32 mine countermeasures vessels, 29 landing ships, and various auxiliary ships. In 2002, the total displacement of the Turkish Navy was approximately 259,000 tonnes.[17]

Aircraft

The Turkish Navy operates a total of 51 aircraft, including 14 fixed-wing aircraft and 37 helicopters.

AircraftOriginTypeVersionsQuantity[18]Notes
Fixed-wing aircraft
ATR 72 MPA {{ITA}} Maritime Patrol (ASW/ASuW)
Transport Aircraft		 72-600 TMPA
72-600 TMUA		 –
2[19][20]		 8 being upgraded by Turkish Aerospace Industries[21][22][23]
CASA CN-235 {{ESP}} Maritime Patrol (ASW/ASuW)
Transport Aircraft
4[20]
1[20]		 Electronic systems upgraded by Thales[24][25]
SOCATA TB family {{FRA}} Trainer Aircraft TB-20 7[20]
Helicopters
Sikorsky S-70B-28 Seahawk {{USA}} Maritime Helicopter (ASW/ASuW) S-70B-28 25[20] 6 more on order[20]
Agusta-Bell AB-212 ASW {{ITA}} Maritime Helicopter (ASW) 12[20]

Insignia

{{main|Ranks of the Turkish Navy}}{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OF/Blank}}{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OF/Turkey}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Navies/OR/Turkey}}
  • Non-Turkish speakers might like to know that OF3, OF2, and OR2 literally translates as "Head of 1000", "Head of 100", and "Head of 10", respectively.

Future of the Turkish Navy

The Turkish Navy is currently undergoing several modernisation programmes to replace its ageing equipment. As of 2013, the major modernisation projects are as follows:

  • The construction works of twelve MILGEM project warships (4 Ada class corvettes and 4 TF-100 class frigates) are currently ongoing.[30] The first vessel, F-511 TCG Heybeliada, was commissioned in 2011; and the second vessel, F-512 TCG Büyükada, was commissioned in 2013.[30], 3rd of the MILGEM Ada class corvettes, F-513 TCG Burgazada was commissioned in November 2018 [31].

New İ-class Frigate Project

  • Plans to build a total of four TF-2000 class air-defence frigates with the option for two more.[32][33]
  • The contract for the acquisition of six Type 214 AIP submarines was signed by the Turkish Ministry of Defense on 2 July 2009 and entered into effect on 22 June 2011.[34][35]
  • TCG Anatolia Amphibious assault ship/Aircraft Carrier 2021
  • New LST class (+2 approved on 12 December 2006 and will be based on LCM-1E)[36][37]
  • New LCT class (+8 approved on 12 December 2006)[36]
  • New Auxiliary Oil Replenishment (AOR) Ship[38]
  • Submarine Rescue Mother Ship (+1 approved)[38][39]
  • Rescue & Towing Ship (+2 approved)[38][40]
  • New Type Su Altı Taarruz Boat Project
  • Fast Intervention Boat Project
  • Air-cushioned landing craft Project
  • Additional purchases of several S-70B Seahawks
  • Distant Horizon Project (Recognized Maritime Picture)
  • Modernization projects for all existing major surface ships

See also

  • Lists of ships of the Turkish Navy
  • Ottoman Navy
  • List of Commanders of the Turkish Naval Forces
  • Turkish Armed Forces

References and notes

1. ^1 2 History of Turkish Naval Forces (Official Turkish Naval Forces website)
2. ^1949 Temmuzunda Türk Silâhlı Kuvvetleri yeniden örgütlendirilerek, Genelkurmay Başkanlığına bağlı Kara, Deniz, Hava Kuvvetleri kuruldu., Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, Türk Tarihi, Silahlı Kuvvetleri ve Atatürkçülük, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, 1973, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1EAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kara,+Deniz,+Hava+Kuvvetleri+kuruldu%22&dq=%22Kara,+Deniz,+Hava+Kuvvetleri+kuruldu%22&hl=en&ei=mTbxTduwJ4yuvgPNsoWiBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA p. 65.] {{Tr icon}}
3. ^1 {{citation|url=http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Turkey.pdf|title=Country Profile: Turkey|date=August 2008|author=Library of Congress - Federal Research Division|pages=25–26}}
4. ^1 2 Bernd Langensiepen, Ahmet Güleryüz, The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828-1923, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1995, {{ISBN|1-55750-659-0}}, p. 57.
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 {{cite web|url=http://www.dzkk.tsk.tr/english/TARIHIMIRAS.php|title=Hata Sayfası|publisher=|accessdate=14 December 2014}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 Cevat Ülkekul, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025035857/http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/kurtulus_savasi_turk_denizci.htm "Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Türk Denizcileri ve Cumhuriyet Bahriyesinin Kuruluşu"] ("Turkish Seamen during the War of Independence and Establishment of the Republican Navy"), Uluslararası Piri Reis Sempozyumu, 27-29 Eylül 2004 (Bildiri), Office of Navigation of Hydrography and Oceanography. {{Tr icon}}
7. ^Ümit Özdağ, Atatürk ve İnönü dönemlerinde Ordu-Siyaset İlişkisi, Bilgeoğuz, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=FRT3TLumLoSGvgPl0cidDg&ct=result&id=TE5pAAAAMAAJ&dq=Bahriye+Vekaleti+1924&q=%22Bahriye+Vekaleti%22#search_anchor p. 97.] {{Tr icon}}
8. ^1 Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi, Vol 12, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İslâm Ansiklopedisi Genel Müdürlüğü, 1988, {{page needed|date=December 2010}} {{Tr icon}}
9. ^Bernd Langensiepen, Ahmet Güleryüz, The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828-1923, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1995, {{ISBN|1-55750-659-0}}, p. 59.
10. ^Güvenç and Barlas, p. 7
11. ^Gardiner and Gray, p. 391
12. ^1 Whitley, p. 241
13. ^Worth, p. 271
14. ^1 Brice, p. 277
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.belgenet.com/dava/yucedivan_02.html|title=The Yavuz-Havuz Case (Turkish)|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2015}}
16. ^1 Genel Tarihçe, Turkish Navy official site.
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishnavy.net/|title=(no title)|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2015}}
18. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/about-us/airspace-announcement/|title=About the FlightGlobal Group - AirSpace Announcement|author=|date=|website=Flightglobal.com}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/turkish-navy-receives-first-utility-roled-atr-72-600-388689/|title=Turkish navy receives first utility-roled ATR 72-600|author=Reed Business Information Limited|publisher=|accessdate=14 December 2014}}
20. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=World Air Forces 2013|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/emptys/101015/world-air-forces-2013.pdf|work=Flight Global|publisher=Flight Global}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tai.com.tr/en/project/meltem-iii-atr-72|title=MELTEM III (ATR-72)|author=Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc.|work=Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc.|accessdate=14 December 2014}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/july-2013-navy-world-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-news/1157--alenia-aermacchi-delivers-first-atr72-600-tmua-to-turkish-navy.html |title=Alenia Aermacchi Delivers First ATR72-600 TMUA to Turkish Navy |date=July 24, 2013}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/july-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1898-raytheon-to-provide-torpedo-integration-for-turkish-navy-atr-72-600asw-maritime-patrol-aircraft.html |title=Raytheon to provide torpedo integration for Turkish Navy ATR-72-600ASW maritime patrol aircraft |date=July 17, 2014}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tai.com.tr/en/project/meltem-ii-cn-235|title=MELTEM II (CN-235)|author=Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc.|work=Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc.|accessdate=14 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210171158/https://www.tai.com.tr/en/project/meltem-ii-cn-235|archivedate=10 December 2014|df=}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/april-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1772-thales-finalises-delivery-of-meltem-ii-casa-cn-235-maritime-patrol-aircraft-to-turkey.html |title=Thales finalises delivery of MELTEM II CASA CN-235 maritime patrol aircraft to Turkey |date=April 28, 2014}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/may-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/3907-turkey-started-the-construction-of-its-future-lhd-tcg-anadolu.html|title=Turkey Started the Construction of its future LHD TCG Anadolu|publisher=Navy Recognition|date=2 May 2016}}
27. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://turkishnavy.net/2016/05/02/the-construction-of-the-multipurpose-amphibious-assault-ship-tcg-anadolu-has-started/|title=The Construction Of The Multipurpose Amphibious Assault Ship TCG Anadolu Has Started|publisher=Bosphorus Naval News|date=2 May 2016}}
28. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://navaltoday.com/2016/05/03/first-steel-cut-for-turkish-lhd-ship/|title=First steel cut for Turkish LHD ship|publisher=Naval Today|date=3 May 2016}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://turkishnavy.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/p1150564.jpg|title=Technical specifications of TCG Anadolu (L-408)|publisher=Turkishnavy.net|date=2 May 2016}}
30. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.dzkk.tsk.tr/icerik.php?dil=0&icerik_id=72|title=Turkish Naval Forces|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2015}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Acemal71/status/1059090892374634496|title=3rd of the MILGEM Ada class corvettes, F-513 TCG Burgazada was commissioned to Turkish #Navy after the ceremony. At the ceremony, 4th reis class #submarine S-333 TCG Aydınreis's first welding was conducted by Turkish President.pic.twitter.com/TYXilm1zhO|first=Cemal|last=Acar|date=4 November 2018|website=twitter.com}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dzkk.tsk.tr/icerik.php?dil=0&icerik_id=76|title=Turkish Naval Forces: Frigate Projects|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=39|title=Anti-air Warfare Ship (TF 2000) Project|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2015}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=29|title=New Type Submarine Procurement Project|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2015}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINL2267891520080722|title=UPDATE 3-Turkey in $4 bln submarines deal with HDW|publisher=|accessdate=14 December 2014}}
36. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/projeler.aspx?projeGrubuID=3|title=Amphibious Ship|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2015}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/may-2013-navy-world-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-news/1031-turkish-shipyard-adik-showcasing-its-landing-ship-tank-lst-project-at-idef-2013-.html |title=Turkish Shipyard ADIK showcasing its Landing Ship Tank (LST) project at IDEF 2013 |date=May 8, 2013}}
38. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.dzkk.tsk.tr/icerik.php?dil=0&icerik_id=78|title=Turkish Naval Forces|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2015}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=31|title=Submarine Rescue Mother Ship (MOSHIP) Project|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2015}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=35|title=Rescue and Towing Ship (R&T Ship) Project|publisher=|accessdate=27 October 2015}}

External links

{{Commons category|Naval ships of Turkey}}
  • Turkish Navy – Official website
  • Turkish Naval Museum – Official website
  • Bosphorus Naval News – Latest news, photos and fleet data regarding the Turkish Navy
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20101225070935/http://ijnhonline.org/volume1_number1_Apr02/article_guvenc_turkey_navy.doc.htm Serhat Guvenc, "Building a Republican Navy in Turkey: 1924-1939", International Journal of Naval History]
  • Undersecretariat for Defence Industries
  • Admiral Şükrü Okan (1930-1944)
{{Military of Turkey}}{{NATO Maritime Forces}}{{NATO Air Forces}}{{Navies in Europe}}{{Black Sea Naval Co-operation Task Group (BLACKSEAFOR)}}היסטוריה של הצי העות'מאני

1 : Turkish Navy
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