“Wandering womb”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Wandering womb was the belief that a displaced uterus was the cause of many medical pathologies in women. The belief originates in the medical texts of ancient Greece, although it persisted in European academic medicine and popular thought for centuries. The wandering womb as a concept was popularized by doctor Edward Jorden, who published The Suffocation of the Mother in 1603. Suffocation of the Mother was the first text on the subjects of the wandering womb and hysteria that was written in English.

Origins

The belief in the "wandering womb" was found in ancient Greece. Some scholars have argued that it originated in Egypt, but this has now been disproved.^[1] One description of the theory of a "wandering womb" comes from Aretaeus, a physician from Cappadocia, who was a contemporary of Galen in the 2nd century AD. He wrote that the uterus could move out of place, and float within the body. In the translation of Francis Adams (1856)^[2] this reads: {{blockquote|In the middle of the flanks of women lies the womb, a female viscus, closely resembling an animal; for it is moved of itself hither and thither in the flanks, also upwards in a direct line to below the cartilage of the thorax, and also obliquely to the right or to the left, either to the liver or the spleen, and it likewise is subject to prolapsus downwards, and in a word, it is altogether erratic. It delights also in fragrant smells, and advances towards them; and it has an aversion to fetid smells, and flees from them; and, on the whole, the womb is like an animal within an animal.|sign=|source=}}

The Greek translated here as "like an animal within an animal" would be better translated as "like a living thing inside another living thing".^[3] The belief that the uterus could move freely, which this imagery evokes, was linked to the use of scent therapy to entice it up or down within the body. This may have been part of ancient cultural beliefs in Greece,^[4] but the earliest known written accounts of it are in the fifth- and fourth-century BC texts associated with the name of Hippocrates. The movement of the uterus was believed to cause symptoms throughout the body, depending on the destination to which the uterus moved in search of fluid.^[5]

Opposing views

Hysteria

The idea of a condition called hysteria caused by "wandering womb" developed from the "hysterical suffocation" of ancient Greek writers. Medical researchers developed a better understanding of anatomy after the invention of microscopes in the 17th century and cellular research in the 19th century. Sigmund Freud's theory of the free-floating unconscious, the "mind within the mind", was similar to the ancient belief in the "animal within the animal".^[9]

Edward Jorden, author of The Suffocation of the Mother, used hysteria as an explanation for mysterious medical occurrences in young women. He supposed that the hysteria caused by the "wandering" of the womb around the body was the source of witchcraft, and often presided in witchcraft-related trials as an expert on the subject. The Suffocation of the Mother connected the phenomenon of hysteria with actions like singing, laughing, crying, and choking.

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Merskey|first=Harold|last2=Potter|first2=Paul|year=1989|title=The womb lay still in ancient Egypt|url=|journal=British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=154 |issue=6|pages=751–753|via=|doi=10.1192/bjp.154.6.751}}
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/aretaioukappadok00aret|title=Aretaiou Kappadokou Ta sozomena = The extant works of Aretaeus, the Cappadocian|last=Aretaeus|first=of Cappadocia|last2=Adams|first2=Francis|date=1856-01-01|publisher=London : Printed for the Sydenham Society}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Hysteria Beyond Freud|last=Gilman|first=Sander L.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=0520080645|location=|page=26|pages=|quote=|via=}}
4. ^{{Cite book|title=Hysteria Beyond Freud|last=Gilman|first=Sander|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=0520080645|location=|pages=17–25|quote=|via=}}
5. ^{{Cite book|title=Hysteria Beyond Freud|last=Gilman|first=Sander|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=0520080645|location=|pages=18–20|quote=|via=}}
6. ^{{Cite book|title=Women in the Classical World: Image and Text|last=Dean-Jones|first=Lesley|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|isbn=|location=New York and London|pages=199|quote=|via=}}
7. ^{{Cite book|title=Hysteria Beyond Freud|last=Gilman|first=Sander|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=0520080645|location=|pages=41|quote=|via=}}
8. ^{{Cite book|title=Hysteria Beyond Freud|last=Gilman|first=Sander|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=0520080645|location=|pages=116–118|quote=|via=}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Gilman|first=Sander L.|title=Hysteria Beyond Freud|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520080645|page=118}}