| 词条 | Turner v. Safley |
| 释义 |
}}{{Infobox SCOTUS case |Litigants=Turner v. Safley |ArgueDate=January 13 |ArgueYear=1987 |DecideDate=June 1 |DecideYear=1987 |FullName=William R. Turner, Superintendent, Missouri Department of Corrections, et al. v. Leonard Safley, et al. |USVol=482 |USPage=78 |ParallelCitations=107 S. Ct. 2254; 96 L. Ed. 2d 64; 1987 U.S. LEXIS 2362; 55 U.S.L.W. 4719 |Prior=Judgment in part for plaintiffs, 586 F. Supp. 589 (W.D. Mo. 1984); affirmed, 777 F.2d 1307 (8th Cir. 1985); certiorari granted, 476 U.S. 1139 (1986) |Subsequent= |Holding=A Missouri prison regulation restricting inmates from marrying without permission violated their constitutional right to marry because it was not logically related to a legitimate penological concern, but a prohibition on inmate-to-inmate correspondence was justified by prison security needs and so was permissible under the First Amendment, as applied through the Fourteenth. Eighth Circuit affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded. |SCOTUS=1986-1987 |Majority=O'Connor |JoinMajority=Rehnquist, White, Powell, Scalia; Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, Stevens (in part III-B only) |Concurrence/Dissent=Stevens |JoinConcurrence/Dissent=Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun |LawsApplied=U.S. Const. amends. I, XIV }} Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987),[1] was a U.S. Supreme Court decision involving the constitutionality of two prison regulations. One of the prisoners' complaints related to the fundamental right to marry. Findings of the caseThis is in line with the Supreme Court's decision in Loving v. Virginia that the right to marry is a fundamental right protected by the liberty element of the due process clause. The Turner court noted many purposes of marriage, including: {{quote|expressions of emotional support and public commitment .... many religions recognize marriage as having spiritual significance; for some inmates and their spouses, therefore, the commitment of marriage may be an exercise of religious faith as well as an expression of personal dedication. Third, most inmates eventually will be released by parole or commutation, and therefore most inmate marriages are formed in the expectation that they ultimately will be fully consummated. Finally, marital status often is a precondition to the receipt of government benefits (e. g., Social Security benefits), property rights (e. g., tenancy by the entirety, inheritance rights), and other, less tangible benefits (e. g., legitimation of children born out of wedlock).|Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 96.}}Turner TestThe case also resulted in a widely used test to determine if prison regulations that burden fundamental rights are constitutional. The Turner test attempted to balance the punitive and rehabilitative goals of corrections officials with the constitutional rights of prisoners by asking if such regulations were "reasonably related" to legitimate penological interests or were instead an "exaggerated response" to those concerns. In order to determine if a regulation was reasonably related to a penological interest, the Supreme Court outlined a four-factor test:
This test has been criticized by commentators as unnecessarily deferential, as over time the first "rational connection" criteria has dominated the test.[2][3] Subsequent DevelopmentsTurner has been cited as precedent and is now considered to be part of a fundamental right to marry. Along with cases like Loving v. Virginia, Zablocki v. Redhail, and Obergefell v. Hodges, the Court has declared a fundamental right to marriage under the Fourteenth Amendment.[4]See also
References1. ^{{ussc|name=Turner v. Safley|volume=482|page=78|pin=|year=1987}}. 2. ^{{Bluebook journal | first=Emily | last=Chiang | title=The Turner Standard: Balancing Constitutional Rights & Government Interests in Prison | volume=5 | journal=UCI L. Forum J. | page=1 | pin=| url=https://www.socsci.uci.edu/lawforum/content/journal/LFJ_2007_chiang.pdf | year=2007}}. 3. ^{{Bluebook journal | first=Tanya | last=Kessler | title='Purgatory Cannot Be Worse than Hell': The First Amendment Rights of Civilly Committed Sex Offenders | volume=12 | journal=N.Y. City L. Rev. | page=283 | pin= | url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1235&context=clr | year=2009}}. 4. ^{{ussc|name=Obergefell v. Hodges|volume=576|year=2015|docket=14-556}}. Further reading
External links
| case = Turner v. Safley, {{ussc|482|78|1987|el=no}} | courtlistener =https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/111904/turner-v-safley/ | findlaw = https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/482/78.html | googlescholar = https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15686747716085264205 | justia =https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/482/78/ | loc =http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep482/usrep482078/usrep482078.pdf | oyez =https://www.oyez.org/cases/1986/85-1384{{SCOTUS-case-stub}} 4 : United States Supreme Court cases|United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court|United States Free Speech Clause case law|1987 in United States case law |
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