| 词条 | Tuva | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|en_name=Tuva Republic |ru_name=Республика Тыва |loc_name1=Тыва Республика |loc_lang1=Tuvan |image_map=Map of Russia - Tuva.svg |coordinates={{coord|51|47|N|94|45|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of arms of Tuva.svg |coa_caption=Coat of arms |image_flag=Flag of Tuva.svg |flag_caption=Flag |anthem=Men – Tyva Men |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Republic |political_status_link=Republics of Russia |federal_district=Siberian |economic_region=East Siberian |adm_ctr_type=Capital |adm_ctr_name=Kyzyl |adm_ctr_ref |official_lang_list=Tuvan |official_lang_ref=[1] |pop_2010census=307930 |pop_2010census_rank=77th |urban_pop_2010census=53.1% |rural_pop_2010census=46.9% |pop_2010census_ref=[2] |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest |pop_latest_date |pop_latest_ref |area_km2=170500 |area_km2_rank=21st |area_km2_ref |established_date=March 31, 1992 |established_date_ref |license_plates=17 |ISO=RU-TY |gov_as_of=November 2008 |leader_title=Chairman of the Government |leader_title_ref=[2] |leader_name=Sholban Kara-ool |leader_name_ref=[3] |legislature=Great Khural |legislature_ref=[4] |website=http://gov.tuva.ru/ |website_ref |date=August 2010 }}{{Chinese |name=Tuva |mon=Тувагийн |monr=Tuvagiin |rus=Тыва́ |rusr=Tyva |altname=Tuva Republic |mon2=Тувагийн Бүгд Найрамдах улс |monr2=Tuvagiin Bügd Nairamdakh uls |rus2=Респу́блика Тыва́ |rusr2=Respublika Tyva | lang1_content = Тыва Республика | lang1 = Tuvan | lang2_content = Tyva Respublika | lang2 = Tuvan Transliteration |j=|mi=|ci=}}{{Inline|date=February 2018}}Tuva ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|v|ə}}; {{lang-ru|Тува́}}) or Tyva ({{lang-tyv|Тыва}}), officially the Tyva Republic ({{lang-rus|Респу́блика Тыва́|r=Respublika Tyva|p=rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva}}; {{lang-tyv|Тыва Республика}}, Tyva Respublika {{IPA-mn|tʰɯˈʋa resˈpʰuplika|}}), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic, also defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as a state).[5] The Tuvan republic lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Kyzyl. It has a population of 307,930 (2010 census).[6] From 1921 to 1944, Tuva constituted a sovereign, independent nation under the name of Tannu Tuva, officially, the Tuvan People's Republic, or the People's Republic of Tannu Tuva. The independence of Tannu Tuva, however, was recognized only by its neighbors: the Soviet Union and Mongolia.[7] A majority of the population are ethnic Tuvans who speak Tuvan as their native tongue, while Russian is spoken natively by the Russian minority; both are official and widely understood in the republic. Tuva is governed by the Great Khural, which elects a chairman for a four-year term. History{{Citations missing|section|date=June 2018}}{{Main article|History of Tuva}}{{see also|History of the Tuvan people}}The territory of Tuva has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC–93 AD) and Mongolian Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Mongol Empire (1206–1368), Northern Yuan (1368–1691), Khotgoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758).[8] Medieval Mongol tribes, including Oirats and Tumeds, inhabited areas which are now part of the Tuvan republic.[8] From 1758–1911 it was part of Mongolia which was under Manchu rule itself. During the 1911 revolution in China, Tsarist Russia formed a separatist movement among the Tuvans. Tsar Nicholas II ordered Russian troops into Tuva in 1912, as Russian settlers were allegedly being attacked. Tuva became nominally independent as the Urjanchai Republic before being brought under Russian protectorate as Uryankhay Kray under Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914. A Tuvan capital was established, called Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of the White Tsar"). Meanwhile, in 1911 Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Aleksandr Kolchak's "White" Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named the governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav. From July 1919 to February 1920 the communist Red Army controlled Tuva but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao]). On August 14, 1921, the Bolsheviks established the Tuvan People's Republic, popularly called Tannu-Tuva. In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed Kyzyl, meaning "red". Tuva was de jure an independent state between the World Wars. The state's first ruler, Prime Minister Donduk, sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as the state religion. This unsettled the Kremlin, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East. In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state's Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943 Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically reduced.[9] Tuva became a part of the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament). The exact circumstances surrounding Tannu-Tuva's incorporation into the USSR in 1944 remain obscure. Salchak Toka, the leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973. Tuva became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast and, later, Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, on October 10, 1961. In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei, a philologist at Kyzyl State Pedagogical Institute. The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both were in short supply), and also to improve the status of Tuvan language and culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks and attacks on outlying settlements with 168 murdered.[10] Russian troops eventually were called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. To this day, Tuva remains remote and difficult to access.[11] Tuva was a signatory to the March 31, 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. A new constitution for the republic was drawn up on October 22, 1993. This created a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and a Grand Khural, which is responsible for foreign policy and any possible changes to the constitution, and ensures that Tuvan law is given precedence. The constitution also allowed for a referendum if Tuva ever sought independence. This constitution was passed by 53.9% (or 62.2%, according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on December 12, 1993.[12] At the same time, the official name was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва). Geography{{Citations missing|section|date=June 2018}}The republic is situated in the far south of Siberia. Its capital city of Kyzyl is located near the geographic "center of Asia". The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, and the west is a drier lowland.
Biosphere reserve
RiversThere are over 8,000 rivers in the republic. The area includes the upper course of the Yenisei River, the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yenisei tributaries. There are also numerous mineral springs in the area. Major rivers include:
LakesThere are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial and salt lakes, including Todzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake (100 km²) – the largest in the republic, and Uvs Lake (shared with Mongolia and a World Heritage Site). MountainsThe area of the republic is a mountain basin, about 600 m high, encircled by the Sayan and Tannu-Ola ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80% of the territory. Mongun-Tayga ("Silver Mountain", 3,970 m) is the highest point in the republic and is named after its glacier. Natural resourcesMajor natural mineral resources of Tuva include coal, iron ore, gold, and cobalt. Fauna include sable, lynx, wolverine, weasel, maral, Siberian ibex, musk deer, bears, snow leopards, ground squirrels, flying foxes, and eagles. Climate
Administrative divisions{{unsourced|section|date=February 2018}}{{Main article|Administrative divisions of the Tuva Republic}}The Tuva Republic is administratively divided into seventeen districts and two cities under republic jurisdiction (urban okrugs) (Kyzyl and Ak-Dovurak). The districts are further subdivided into sumon DemographicsPopulation: {{ru-census|p2010=307,930|p2002=305,510|p1989=309,129}} Vital statistics{{collapse top | Vital statistics}}Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service[14]
Ethnic groupsAccording to the 2010 Census,[6] Tuvans make up 82.0% of the republic's population. Other groups include Russians (16.3%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
As can be seen above, during the period 1959–2010 there has been more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 50% since 1989. The official languages are Tuvan (Turkic) and Russian (Slavic). Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there is a small population of Old Believers in the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as the atheist ideology crept in, the believers moved deeper and deeper into the Taiga in order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in the Kaa-Khemsky District). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream.[16] Ethnic Russians make up 38.68% of the population (as of 2002 Census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostly Old Believers.[17] Russians account for 34.12% of the population in Piy-Khemsky and 19.80% in Todzhinsky. In Kyzyl, they account for 37.02%.{{cn|date=February 2018}} Religion{{Bar box|title=Religion in Tuva as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[18][19] |float=right |bars={{Bar percent|Buddhism|Yellow|61.8}}{{Bar percent|Atheism and irreligion|Black|11.8}}{{Bar percent|Tengrism and Tuvan Shamanism|Red|8}}{{Bar percent|Spiritual but not religious|DarkSlateGray|7.6}}{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|7.2}}{{Bar percent|Other Christians|DeepSkyBlue|1.4}}{{Bar percent|Protestantism|Navy|1.4}}{{Bar percent|Russian Orthodoxy|DarkOrchid|0.8}} }} Two religions are widespread among the people of Tuva: Tibetan Buddhism and shamanism. Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader is Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dalai Lama. In September 1992, the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited Tuva for three days.[20] On September 20, he blessed and consecrated the new yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days previously.[21] The Tuvan people – along with the Yellow Uyghurs in China – are one of the only two Turkic groups who are mainly adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, combined with native shamanism.[22] During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, as well as novices being trained as monks and lamas. Religious practice declined under the restrictive policies of the Soviet period but is now flourishing.[23][24] Shamanism is being revived as well, also in organized Tengrian forms. According to a 2012 survey,[18] 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres to Buddhism, 8% to Tengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to the Russian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or other forms of Christianity, 1% to Protestantism. In addition, 7.7% follows other religion or did not give an answer to the survey, 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist.[18] {{clear}}PoliticsThe head of the government in Tuva is the Chairman of the Government, who is elected for a four-year term. The first Chairman of the Government was Sherig-ool Oorzhak. As of 2007, the Chairman of the Government was Sholban Kara-ool. Tuva's legislature, the Great Khural, has 162 seats; each deputy is elected to serve a four-year term. The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity – was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993. On 3 April 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated Sholban Kara-ool, 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva.[25] Sholban Kara-ool's candidacy was approved by the Khural on April 9, 2007.[26] Economy{{Unsourced|section|date=December 2017}}Tuva has a developing mining industry (coal, cobalt, gold, and more). Food processing, timber, and metalworking industries are also well-developed. Most of the industrial production is concentrated in the capital Kyzyl and in Ak-Dovurak. According to the HDI, the Republic of Tuva is the least developed region in Russia. Tourism{{Unsourced|section|date=December 2017}}Tuva is a region with a unique history, culture, and nature. All native zones of the Earth except savanna (even rainforest, see Southern Siberian rainforest) are featured in Tuva. There are more than 100 mineral springs in Tuva. The biggest of which are the warm mineral springs Ush-Beldir and Tarys, the temperature of the water is 52-85 °C. Cold mineral springs and salt lakes are popular among tourists and the general population for their medicinal qualities. The geographical location of Tuva between the east-Siberian taiga and central-Asian landscape engenders a wealth of flora and fauna. Popular places
TransportationTuva does not have a railway, although famous postage stamps in the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there. [27]CultureKhuresh, the Tuvan form of wrestling, is a very popular sport. Competitions are held at the annual Naadym festival at Tos-Bulak. Tuva has a rich cultural potential, which provides the population with wide access to cultural values, knowledge, and information. An important feature is the high safety of traditional culture, successfully developing professional art.[28] The Tuvan people are traditionally a Central Asian nomadic culture. Tuva is an agrarian republic. The main branch of agriculture is livestock breeding (mainly sheep breeding and meat and dairy cattle breeding); also goat breeding and horse breeding are developed. In the tundra, reindeer are bred, in the mountains - yaks, south, in the semi-desert - camels. Tuva has a rich historical heritage and a preserved ethnic culture among the local population. Tuvan music features the world famous Tuvan throat singing (khoomei). This type of singing can be heard, in particular, during the performances of the Tuva National Orchestra.[29] Sainkho Namtchylak is one of a few singers from Tuva to have an international following. Namtchylak is also very involved with Tuvan culture. Every year, she invites Western musicians to perform in Kyzyl and to learn about the republic, its culture, and its music. In recent years, Kongar-ool Ondar has become well known in the West as well, in large part because of the film Genghis Blues featuring Ondar and American blues singer Paul Pena. Huun-Huur-Tu has been one of the most well known Tuvan music ensembles since the late 1990s, while the Alash ensemble came to prominence in the early 2000s.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} The Tuvan language is Turkic, although with many loan-words from Mongolian. It is currently written with a modified Cyrillic alphabet, previously used Turkic runes, later Mongolian, then Latin alphabets. Then, Tuva was administered as part of Outer Mongolia, and the language difference was a determining factor in Tuva seeking full independence from Outer Mongolia, following the collapse of the Qing dynasty of China in 1911.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} Tuva is one of the few places in the world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and to predict the future.[29] In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes. The temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl – the residence of Kamba-Lama, head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in the course several ethnographic expeditions In the old believers ' settlements were able to collect and record of conservatives extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art.[29] The traditional culture of Tuvans is as Yurt-dwelling nomads, and national cuisine and folk arts and the craft, among which a special place is carving soft stone (agalmatolite). And of course, the archeology of Tuva. Excavations archaeologists of ancient burial mounds bring sometimes these discoveries, which for a long time determined in the excitement of the whole scientific world. So, the symbol of ancient Tuva became coagulated ring amazing beauty of bronze panther VIII century BC, discovered in the excavation of barrow Arzhaan-1. Rich a Scythian burial was discovered in 2001, during the excavation of barrow Arzhaan-2. Collection of gold jewelry from this burial is demonstrated now in the specialized hall of the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl.[29] The development of the cultural potential of the region is facilitated by the organization of festivals aimed at expanding interregional and international cooperation aimed at strengthening the image of the region, supporting cultural innovations: the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become a tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei - the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains".[28] SportsBandy is played in Tuva.[30]EducationThe most important facilities of higher education include the Tuvan State University and the Tuvan Institute of Humanities, both in the capital, Kyzyl.{{cn|date=February 2018}} Miscellanea
Feynman's efforts to reach Tuva are chronicled in the book Tuva or Bust! and the video The Quest For Tannu Tuva: Richard Feynman – The Last Journey of a Genius (1988) which can be viewed online on YouTube. Project Tuva was named in honor of his efforts.{{cn|date=February 2018}}
See also
References1. ^Constitution, Article 5.1 2. ^Constitution, Article 10.3 3. ^Official website of the Government of the Tuva Republic. Sholban Valeryevich Kara-ool {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309213957/http://www.gov.tuva.ru/page.aspx?id=21 |date=March 9, 2011 }} {{ru icon}} 4. ^Constitution, Article 10.2 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm|title=Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System | The Constitution of the Russian Federation|publisher=Constitution.ru|accessdate=February 22, 2018}} 6. ^1 2 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 7. ^{{cite journal|jstor=152275|title=Tuva. A State Reawakens|first=Toomas|last=Alatalu|date=January 1, 1992|journal=Soviet Studies|volume=44|issue=5|pages=881–95|doi=10.2307/152275}} 8. ^1 History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003. 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fotuva.org/misc/mcmullen.html|title=Tuva: Russia's Tibet or the Next Lithuania?|accessdate=February 22, 2018}} 10. ^Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State, Cambridge University Press, 2002, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QNAiofG_-e0C&pg=PA230&lpg=PA230&dq=tuva+riots+1990&source=bl&ots=2lmrS1FS7s&sig=aiCKhQC9TPH1iYPNud7wINXwNCg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xWF0VceSGqnXyQP_-4KoAg&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=tuva%20riots%201990&f=false pg. 230] 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geographicbureau.com/russia/info/siberia/tuva|title=Tuva|publisher=Geographic Bureau — Siberia and Far East/Tuva|accessdate=May 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126095830/http://www.geographicbureau.com/russia/info/siberia/tuva|archive-date=November 26, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 12. ^”Tyva republic approves own constitution”], BBC Monitoring Service, December 15, 1993. 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mccme.ru/putevod/attr_en.html|title=Top Attractions of Russia|accessdate=February 21, 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312|title=Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики|publisher=Gks.ru|date=May 8, 2010|language=ru}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936|title=Перепись-2010: русских становится больше|publisher=Perepis-2010.ru|accessdate=November 16, 2012}} 16. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909103142/http://condor.depaul.edu/rrotenbe/aeer/v17n2/Fridman.pdf|date=September 9, 2011}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rodonews.ru/news_1288530624.html|title=Староверы Республики Тыва. Фото|publisher=Rodonews.ru|accessdate=November 16, 2012|language=ru}} 18. ^1 2 "2012 Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". sreda.org; retrieved February 22, 2018. 19. ^2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), August 27, 2012; retrieved February 22, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Arena Atlas Religion Maps (archived)] 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.avantart.com/tuva/dalailama.html|title=Dalai Lama|publisher=Avantart.com|accessdate=November 16, 2012}} 21. ^The World Encyclopedia of Flags; {{ISBN|1-84038-415-8}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.com/tree.asp?rubric=5&node=451&doc_id=-110|title=Russia's Daily Online|publisher=Kommersant|accessdate=November 16, 2012}} 23. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830173444/http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/frame-RussiaUvsNuur.htm|date=August 30, 2006}} 24. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8254398.stm|title=Tyvans keen to protect traditions|publisher=BBC News|date=September 19, 2009|accessdate=November 16, 2012}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.tuvaonline.ru/2007/04/04/sholban.html|title=Tuva-Online: New Head for Tuva Chosen by President Putin|publisher=En.tuvaonline.ru|accessdate=November 16, 2012}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.tuvaonline.ru/2007/04/09/sholban.html|title=Tuva-Online: 40-year-old Head of Tuva Backed by Parliament|publisher=tuvaonline.ru|accessdate=December 22, 2017}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/projects-infrastructure/single-view/view/tuva-coal-line-ppp-plan-revised.html|title=Tyva coal line PPP plan revised|publisher=Railway Gazette|accessdate=November 16, 2012}} 28. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://gov.tuva.ru/region/culture/1322|title=Культура Республики Тыва - Официальный портал Республики Тыва|website=gov.tuva.ru|language=ru|access-date=July 24, 2017}} 29. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|date=2016|title=The Republic of TUVA, travel guide|url=http://img.2r.ru/files/2017/07/%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0.pdf|journal=ИПК «ПЛАТИНА»|volume=1|page=50|via=ИПК «ПЛАТИНА»}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.bandynet.ru/v1/node/17109&sandbox=1|title=Google Translate|publisher=bandynet.ru|accessdate=February 22, 2018}} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://ttcs.netfirms.com/ducklings1.htm |title="Philately's Ugliest Ducklings: Rehabilitating the 1934–36 Issues of Tannu Tuva" |accessdate=2011-07-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714165959/http://ttcs.netfirms.com/ducklings1.htm |archivedate=July 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all }} by James Negus at TTCS. Originally published in The Philatelic Journal, July–September 1960. 32. ^"Central Asian Origins of the Ancestor of First Americans", by I. Zakharov {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310231205/http://macroevolution.narod.ru/zaharov_indians.htm |date=March 10, 2007 }} {{ru icon}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NSRNY4kZ1g|title=Man Vs Wild Siberia 1–5|publisher=YouTube|date=November 27, 2008|accessdate=November 16, 2012}} 34. ^The Republic of China (ROC), now based in Taiwan, is involved in territorial disputes with many governments bordering mainland China. Due to the One-China policy, it has no formal diplomatic relations with any of these states. The ROC recognizes neither the People's Republic of China (PRC) nor its border agreements or treaties with any other countries. Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China states that "The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly." Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China now overrides this provision, with the power of the National Assembly to alter transferred to the Legislative Yuan and the electorate. Sources
|ru_date=6 мая 2001 г. |ru_title=Конституция Республики Тыва |ru_amendment_type=Конституционного закона |ru_amendment_number=748 ВХ-2 |ru_amendment_date=7 июля 2008 г |en_date=May 6, 2001 |en_title=Constitution of the Tyva Republic |en_amendment_type=Constitutional Law |en_amendment_number=748 VKh-2 |en_amendment_date=July 7, 2008 }} External links{{Commons category}}{{wikivoyage|Tuva}}
4 : Tuva|Autonomous Turkic states|States and territories established in 1992|1992 establishments in Russia |
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