| 词条 | Wat Tyler Cluverius Jr. |
| 释义 |
|name=Wat Tyler Cluverius Jr. |birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1874|12|25}} |death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1952|10|28|1874|12|25}} |birth_place=New Orleans, Louisiana |death_place=New Haven, Connecticut |image=Cluverius.jpeg|caption=Rear Admiral Wat Tyler Cluverius Jr. |nickname= |allegiance={{flagicon|United States}} United States of America |branch= United States Navy |serviceyears=1896–1939, 1942–1945 |rank= Rear Admiral |commands=Fourth Naval District Ninth Naval District {{USS|West Virginia|ACR-5|6}} {{USS|Seattle|ACR-11|6}} {{USS|Baltimore|C-3|6}} USS Shawmut {{USS|Dubuque|PG-17|6}} {{USS|Sandoval|1895|6}} {{USS|Alvarado|1895|6}} {{USS|Talbot|TB-15|6}} |battles=Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Mexican Revolution World War I World War II |awards=Navy Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Honor (France) Order of Leopold (Belgium) Order of St. Olav (Norway) |relations=William Thomas Sampson (father in law) William S. Parsons (son in law) Wat Tyler Cluverius IV (grandson) |laterwork= }} Wat Tyler Cluverius Jr. (12 December 1874 – 28 October 1952) was an admiral in the United States Navy and president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute. When he died, he was the last surviving officer of the sinking of the {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}}. An 1896 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Cluverius joined the crew of the {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}} in 1897 and was on board when the ship suffered an explosion in Havana Harbor in 1898. The sinking of the Maine helped precipitate the Spanish–American War, a war in which Cluverius participated on a number of ships including {{USS|Scorpion|PY-3|6}}. During the Philippine–American War he served on the {{USS|Solace|AH-2|6}}. In 1914, he took part in the United States occupation of Veracruz, commanding a battalion of bluejackets from the battleship {{USS|North Dakota|BB-29|6}}. During World War I he commanded the minelayer USS Shawmut, laying the anti-submarine mine barrage across the North Sea, for which he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. Cluverius was Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy from 1919 to 1921, and attended the Naval War College from 1921 to 1922. He was aide to the Secretary of the Navy, Curtis D. Wilbur. Promoted to flag rank in 1928, he was Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard from 1928 to 1930, commanded Battleship Division Two the Scouting Fleet from June to November 1930, and was Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief United States Fleet. He was commandant of the Ninth Naval District and the Fourth Naval District before retiring from the Navy on 1 January 1939. In retirement, Cluverius became president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, but returned to active duty during World War II as secretary of the Naval office of Public Information and as a member of the Navy Board of Production Awards. In this capacity he was involved in the conferring of Army-Navy "E" Awards. Naval careerWat Tyler Cluverius Jr. was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on 12 December 1874,[1] the son of Wat Tyler Cluverius Sr., and his wife Martha Lewis née Manning. He attended Tulane University before being appointed to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, which he entered on 20 May 1892.[2] In those days, naval cadets—the rank of midshipman would not exist for a few more years—by law had to serve for two years before they were eligible to take the examinations for the rank of ensign.[3] Therefore, after graduation from the Naval Academy in June 1896, Cluverius was posted to the cruiser {{USS|Columbia|C-12|6}}.[2] In 1897 joined the crew of the {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}}. He was on board on 15 February 1898 when the ship suffered an explosion in Havana Harbor.[1] Cluverius made his way out, splashing through water up to waist deep in the darkness, his path obstructed by wreckage. He joined other survivors on deck, and was rescued by the SS City of Washington.[4] He was one of only 89 survivors, of whom 18 were officers.[5] The loss of the Maine helped precipitate the Spanish–American War. Cluverius saw action during the conflict on a number of ships including {{USS|Scorpion|PY-3|6}}, on which he participated in the Second Battle of Manzanillo and the bombardments of Santiago and Aquadores. Commissioned as an ensign, he served in the Philippine–American War on the {{USS|Solace|AH-2|6}} in 1900. He then served on the gunboat {{USS|Newport|PG-12|6}}.[2] In 1899, he became engaged to Hannah Walker Sampson, the daughter of Rear Admiral William T. Sampson. The families knew each other well, and Cluverius was an usher at the wedding of Hannah's sister Olive.[6] On 5 April 1900, they were married in a ceremony at the Boston Navy Yard.[2] Their marriage produced two daughters, Elizabeth (Betty) and Martha, and a son, Wat Tyler Cluverius III. Not only did their son become a naval officer, but both daughters married naval officers, John S. Crenshaw and William S. Parsons respectively.[7] Both sons in law later became admirals.[12] Cluverius served at the Naval Academy on court martial duty and as commander of the torpedo boat {{USS|Talbot|TB-15|6}}. He became commander of the gunboat {{USS|Alvarado|1895|6}} in June 1901 and then the {{USS|Sandoval|1895|6}} in October. He joined the torpedo boat {{USS|Stockton|TB-32|6}} in 1902. The next year he was promoted to lieutenant and was posted to the battleship {{USS|Maine|BB-10|6}}, the namesake of the ship whose sinking he had survived in 1898, as an engineering officer. He was involved with the 1904 sea trials of the cruisers {{USS|Colorado|ACR-7|6}} and {{USS|West Virginia|ACR-5|6}} before becoming senior engineer of the monitor {{USS|Arkansas|BM-7|6}}. In 1908 he became senior engineer of the newly commissioned {{USS|Mississippi|BB-23|6}}.[2] Shore duty followed in 1909 as a member of the Naval Examining Board of the Special Service Squadron. For a short time in 1910, Cluverius was navigator of the {{USS|Massachusetts|BB-2|6}}, an old battleship now used as a training ship for midshipmen, before becoming Judge Advocate at the Court of Inquiry at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. He attended a conference of officers at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island from May until August 1911, and then became Inspection Officer at the New York Navy Yard.[2] Cluverius, now a lieutenant commander, was posted to the battleship {{USS|North Dakota|BB-29|6}} in March 1914.[2] From July to October 1914, he took part in the United States occupation of Veracruz, commanding a battalion of bluejackets that was landed from the North Dakota.[8] After returning to the ship he became its executive officer until July 1915, when he became commander of the {{USS|Dubuque|PG-17|6}}. He was then posted back to the Naval Academy as an engineering instructor.[2] In November 1917, Cluverius became responsible for the conversion of the steamer SS Massachusetts to a minelayer. The ship was commissioned on 7 December 1917, and renamed USS Shawmut on 7 January 1918. She steamed to Britain in June 1918 and spent the rest of World War I laying the anti-submarine mine barrage across the North Sea. Shawmut laid 2,970 anchored mines before returning to the United States In December 1918,.[9] He was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal ", for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility as Commanding Officer of the USS Shawmut, engaged in laying mines in the North Sea".[10] He also became an Officer of the French Legion of Honor, and Officer of the Belgian Order of Leopold and a Commander of the Norwegian Order of St. Olav.[2] Cluverius commanded the cruiser {{USS|Baltimore|C-3|6}} from February until June 1919, when he became Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy, a post he held until 1921, when he left to attend the Naval War College.[1] After graduating in 1922, he became Chief of Staff of Commander Base Force, Pacific Fleet. He commanded the cruiser {{USS|Seattle|ACR-11|6}} from June to December 1923, when, following the usual pattern of sea duty alternating with shore duty, he was posted to the office of the Chief of Naval Operations. He became aide to the Secretary of the Navy, Curtis D. Wilbur.[2] Sea duty followed in 1926 as captain of the cruiser {{USS|West Virginia|ACR-5|6}}.[2] In 1928, he was promoted to rear admiral. He was one of only five captains promoted that year, the others being Arthur Japy Hepburn, Harry E. Yarnell, Albert Ware Marshall and Thomas Tingey Craven.[11] He was Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard from 1928 to 1930, and commanded Battleship Division Two (BatDiv2) of the Scouting Fleet from June to November 1930.[1] He then became Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief United States Fleet, Admiral Jehu V. Chase, who flew his flag from the battleship {{USS|Texas|BB-35|6}}, the ship on which his son in law Deak Parsons was also serving.[12] Cluverius was Commandant of the Ninth Naval District from 1932 to 1935. As such, he was the US Navy representative at the Century of Progress World's Fair in Chicago from 1933 to 1934. His last sea command was the Base Force, United States Fleet, from 1935 to 1937. In June 1937 he became Commandant Fourth Naval District and Philadelphia Navy Yard, a post he held until his retirement on 1 January 1939.[2] Later lifeIn retirement, Cluverius became president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, in succession to Rear Admiral Ralph Earle, a Naval Academy classmate who died in February 1939. Cluverius announced that his priority would be to complete the building program envisaged by his predecessor. He began with a footbridge which was named in Earle's memory.[13] Cluverius returned to active duty during World War II as secretary of the Naval office of Public Information and as a member of the Navy Board of Production Awards. In this capacity he was involved in the conferring of Army-Navy "E" Awards. In 1943, Worcester was chosen as one of the colleges in the V-12 Navy College Training Program.[14] He returned to Worcester in 1945 after the war ended. In 1951, he oversaw the establishment of an ROTC unit on the campus.[15] On 28 October 1952, Cluverius was returning by train from a Navy reunion in Philadelphia when he became so seriously ill that when the train stopped in New Haven he was taken to hospital, where he died.[16] The last surviving officer of the USS Maine, he was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, with his wife Hannah, who died in 1938. He was survived by his two daughters and his son.[17][18] Notes1. ^1 2 3 {{harvnb|Ancell|Miller|1996|pp=516–517}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{harvnb|Navy Biographies Branch|1956}} 3. ^{{harvnb|Buell|1980|p=15}} 4. ^{{cite news |newspaper=North Tonawanda NY Evening News |title=Maine Survivor Recalls Blast that Shattered Battleship |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2011/North%20Tonawanda%20NY%20Evening%20News/North%20Tonawanda%20NY%20Evening%20News%201948%20%20Grayscale/North%20Tonawanda%20NY%20Evening%20News%201948%20%20Grayscale%20-%200132.pdf |date=13 February 1948 |accessdate=4 August 2011}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq71-3.htm |title=Survivors of USS Maine |publisher=Naval Historical Center |date=6 February 1998 |accessdate=28 March 2010}} 6. ^{{cite news |newspaper=Utica NY Observer |date=23 January 1899 |title=Another Miss Sampson to Wed |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newpapers%20Disk2/Utica%20NY%20Daily%20Observer/Utica%20NY%20Observer%201899.pdf/Utica%20NY%20Observer%201899%20-%200511.pdf#xml=http://fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=ffffffffeff6d929&DocId=3635825&Index=Z%3a%2fFulton%20Historical&HitCount=4&hits=8f2+8fe+92b+c54+&SearchForm=C%3a%5cinetpub%5cwwwroot%5cFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf |accessdate=4 August 2011}} 7. ^{{harvnb|Christman|1998|pp=33–34}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/haiti_list_exp.htm |title=List of Expeditions 1901–1929 |publisher=Department of the Navy – Naval History and Heritage Command |accessdate=4 August 2011}} 9. ^{{harvnb|Beals|1973|p=88}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=16437 |title=Valor Awards for Wat Tyler Cluverius |publisher=Military Times |accessdate=4 August 2011}} 11. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881102,00.html |newspaper=Time |title=Army&Navy: Braid Men |date=2 July 1928 |accessdate=4 August 2011}} 12. ^{{harvnb|Christman|1998|pp=40–41}} 13. ^{{harvnb|Tymeson|1965|pp=145, 161}} 14. ^{{harvnb|Tymeson|1965|p=163}} 15. ^{{harvnb|Tymeson|1965|p=166}} 16. ^{{harvnb|Tymeson|1965|p=173}} 17. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://gravelocator.cem.va.gov |title=National Gravesite Locator |accessdate=14 September 2011 |publisher=United States Department of Veterans' Affairs}} 18. ^{{cite news |newspaper=Schenectady NY Gazette |date=29 October 1952 |title=Last Survivor of Battleship Maine Dies |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%208/Schenectady%20NY%20Gazette/Schenectady%20NY%20Gazette%201952%20Grayscale/Schenectady%20NY%20Gazette%201952%20Grayscale%20-%207263.pdf#xml=http://fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=7eea27f0&DocId=7980325&Index=Z%3a%2fFulton%20Historical&HitCount=7&hits=3fe+41a+433+7fa+822+836+86f+&SearchForm=C%3a\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\Fulton_New_form.html&.pdf |accessdate=4 August 2011}} References{{refbegin}}
| last = Ancell | first = R. Manning | last2 = Miller | first2 = Christine | title = The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The US Armed Forces | location = Westport, Connecticut | publisher=Greenwood Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-313-29546-8 | oclc = 33862161 | ref = harv }}
| last = Beals | first = Victor | title = Comment and Discussion | journal=United States Naval Institute Proceedings | date = September 1973 | ref = harv }}
| first=Thomas B. | last=Buell | title=Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King | publisher=Naval Institute Press | year=1980 | location = Annapolis | isbn=1-55750-092-4 | oclc = 5799946 | ref = harv }}
| last = Christman | first = Albert B. | title = Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher=Naval Institute Press | year = 1998 | isbn = 1-55750-120-3 | oclc = 38257982 | ref = harv }}
| author = Navy Biographies Branch | title = Rear Admiral Wat Tyler Cluverius | location = Washington, DC | date = 30 November 1956 | ref = harv }}
| last=Tymeson | first=Mildred McClary | title=The Two Towers: The Story of Worcester Polytechnic Institute | publisher=Worcester Polytechnic Institute | location = Worcester, Massachusetts | year = 1965 | url=http://www.wpi.edu/academics/Library/Archives/TwoTowers/index.html | accessdate=4 August 2011 | oclc=256366801 | ref = harv }}{{refend}}{{Worcester Polytechnic Institute presidents}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cluverius, Wat Tyler Jr.}} 14 : 1874 births|1952 deaths|People from New Orleans|United States Naval Academy alumni|United States Navy admirals|American military personnel of the Philippine–American War|American military personnel of the Spanish–American War|American military personnel of World War I|American naval personnel of World War II|United States Navy World War II admirals|Burials at Arlington National Cemetery|Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal|Officiers of the Légion d'honneur|Presidents of Worcester Polytechnic Institute |
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