| 词条 | Weather Service Modernization Act of 1992 |
| 释义 |
| shorttitle = Weather Service Modernization Act of 1992 | othershorttitles = {{unbulleted list|NOAA Fleet Modernization Act|North Pacific Anadromous Stocks Act of 1992}} | longtitle = An Act to limit the authority of the Secretary of Commerce to close, consolidate, automate, or relocate any National Weather Service Office or National Weather Service Forecast Office, and for other purposes. | colloquialacronym = WSMA | nickname = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Authorization Act of 1992 | enacted by = 102nd | effective date = | public law url = https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-106/pdf/STATUTE-106-Pg4270.pdf | cite public law = 102-567 | cite statutes at large = {{usstat|106|4270}} aka 106 Stat. 4303 | acts amended = | acts repealed = | title amended = 15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade | sections created = | sections amended = {{Usc-title-chap|15|9}} § 313 | leghisturl = | introducedin = House | introducedbill = {{USBill|102|H.R.|2130}} | introducedby = Dennis M. Hertel (D-MI) | introduceddate = April 30, 1991 | committees = House Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House Science, Space and Technology, House Interior and Insular Affairs, House Ways and Means | passedbody1 = House | passeddate1 = November 20, 1991 | passedvote1 = Passed voice vote | passedbody2 = Senate | passedas2 = | passeddate2 = August 12, 1992 | passedvote2 = Passed voice vote | conferencedate = | passedbody3 = | passeddate3 = | passedvote3 = | agreedbody3 = House | agreeddate3 = October 6, 1992 | agreedvote3 = Agreed voice vote | agreedbody4 = Senate | agreeddate4 = October 7, 1992 | agreedvote4 = Agreed voice vote | passedbody4 = | passeddate4 = | passedvote4 = | signedpresident = George H.W. Bush | signeddate = October 29, 1992 | unsignedpresident = | unsigneddate = | vetoedpresident = | vetoeddate = | overriddenbody1 = | overriddendate1 = | overriddenvote1 = | overriddenbody2 = | overriddendate2 = | overriddenvote2 = | amendments = | SCOTUS cases = }} The Weather Service Modernization Act of 1992, Public Law 102-567, Title VII, 106 Stat. 4303, was a bill put forward to the 102nd Congress in 1991-1992 to modernize the technology and operations of the National Weather Service (NWS). It was discussed in sessions of Congress for two years.[1] On September 22, 1992, it was referred to the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. The bill was proposed as a time when the U.S. Congress had considerable interest in the NWS Modernization Program which would impact upon local weather offices. The bill was finally enacted on October 29, 1992 and signed by President George H. Bush.[2][3][4] Background and general effectThe Weather Service Modernization Act of 1992 came at a time when "a new framework was needed to implement research advances in in-situ technology, radar and satellite to real time, meso-scale observations of weather, water, and climate." [5] The bill was proposed to ensure to that Congress made it compulsory of the Secretary of Commerce to "certify that the modernization process will not degrade local weather services."[6] It effectively ensured that basic weathers services of surface, upper air and radar operations, public forecasts, statements and warnings, hydrologic, marine, fire, and weather forecasts and warnings, agricultural forecasts and advisories, climatological services, emergency management support and services wouldn't be affected by the plan of modernization at a local level.[7] The Modernization Act effectively made it law that the network should provide complete coverage over the CONUS at a height of 3.05 km (10000 ft.) above ground level (AGL) without affecting the quality of service.[8] The act required an increase in local staff and for many staff to relocate to areas where weather services were considered weak.[3]ObjectivesThe Weather Service Modernization Act of 1992 was put forward as part of the Department of Commerce's annual budget with a 10–year National Implementation Plan under the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act. The objectives of the proposal were as follows:
To prohibit the Secretary of Commerce from:
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h102-5992|title=H.R. 5992: Weather Service Modernization Act of 1992|accessdate=13 December 2011}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=House, Office of the Law Revision Counsel|title=United States Code, 2006, V. 8, Title 15, Commerce and Trade, Sections 80a-1 to End|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDdN06IYWqoC&pg=PA171|accessdate=13 December 2011|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=171|id=GGKEY:L6HDLNP0PE1}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|author1=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on National Weather Modernization|author2=Charles L. Hosler|author3=National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems|title=Toward a new national weather service: National Weather Service employee feedback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RD8rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA71|accessdate=13 December 2011|year=1994|publisher=National Academies|page=71|id=NAP:12721}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=AMS newsletter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPM6AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=13 December 2011|year=1993|publisher=American Meteorological Society.}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Developing Mesoscale Meteorological Observational Capabilities to Meet Multiple National Needs|title=Observing weather and climate from the ground up: a nationwide network of networks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqTT5y74G-cC&pg=PT36|accessdate=13 December 2011|date=30 January 2009|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-12986-2|page=36}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5037&page=74|title=Appendix D: Reference Documents for Current Roles and Missions|publisher=The National Academies Press|accessdate=13 December 2011}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services|title=Fair weather: effective partnership in weather and climate services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9qg9DoU8U4C&pg=PA58|accessdate=13 December 2011|year=2003|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-08746-9|page=58}} 8. ^{{cite book|author1=National Research Council: Committee on the Evaluation of the Multifunction Phased Array Radar Planning Process: Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate: Division on Earth and Life Studies |title=Evaluation of the multifunction phased array radar planning process|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=se3rJBXDfbkC&pg=PA12|accessdate=13 December 2011|year=2008|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-12432-4|page=12}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h102-5992&tab=summary|title=Congressional Research Service Summary|publisher=Congressional Research Service Summary|accessdate=13 December 2011}} 2 : 1992 in law|102nd United States Congress |
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