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释义 |
|official_name = Twickenham |static_image_name = cmglee London Twickenham aerial.jpg |static_image_caption = Aerial view of Twickenham Stadium (centre) and Stoop Stadium (background) from the north in August 2015 |coordinates = {{coord|51.449|-0.337|display=inline,title}} |area_total_km2 = 12.36 |population = {{#expr:{{london ward populations|00BDGD|population}}+{{london ward populations|00BDGH|population}}+{{london ward populations|00BDGK|population}}+{{london ward populations|00BDGM|population}}+{{london ward populations|00BDGN|population}}}} |population_ref = ({{london ward populations|00BDGH|ward}}, {{london ward populations|00BDGK|ward}}, {{london ward populations|00BDGM|ward}} and {{london ward populations|00BDGN|ward}} wards, {{London ward populations|year}}){{London ward populations|reference}}[1] |os_grid_reference = TQ1673 |charingX_distance_mi = 10 |charingX_direction = NE |london_borough = Richmond |region = London |country = England |post_town = TWICKENHAM |postcode_area = TW |postcode_district = TW1, TW2 |dial_code = 020 |constituency_westminster = Twickenham }} Twickenham is an affluent suburban area of south-west London, England. It lies on the River Thames and is {{convert|10|miles|km}} west-southwest of Charing Cross. Historically part of Middlesex, it has formed part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames since 1965. Twickenham has an extensive town centre and is famous for being the home of rugby union in England, with hundreds of thousands of spectators visiting Twickenham Stadium, the world's largest rugby stadium, each year. The historic riverside area is famous for its network of 18th-century buildings and pleasure grounds, many of which survive intact.[2] This area has three grand period mansions with public access: York House, Marble Hill and Strawberry Hill House. Another has been lost, that belonging to 18th-century aphoristic poet Alexander Pope. Among these is the Neo-Gothic prototype home of Horace Walpole which has given its name to a whole district, Strawberry Hill, and is linked with the oldest Roman Catholic university in the country, St Mary's University. HistoryPre-NormanExcavations have revealed settlements in the area dating from the Early Neolithic, possibly Mesolithic periods. Occupation seems to have continued through the Bronze Age, the Iron Age and the Roman occupation. The area was first mentioned (as "Tuican hom" and "Tuiccanham") in an 8th-century charter to cede the area to Waldhere, Bishop of London, "for the salvation of our souls".[3] The charter, dated 13 June 704, is signed with 12 crosses. The signatories included Swaefred of Essex, Cenred of Mercia and Earl Paeogthath. NormanIn Norman times Twickenham was part of the Manor of Isleworth – itself part of the Hundred of Hounslow, Middlesex (mentioned in Domesday Book of 1086).[4] The manor had belonged to Ælfgār, Earl of Mercia in the time of Edward the Confessor, but was granted to Walter de Saint-Valery (Waleric) by William I of England after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. The area was then farmed for several hundred years, while the river provided opportunities for fishing, boatbuilding and trade. 17th centuryBubonic plague spread to the town in 1665 and 67 deaths were recorded. It appears that Twickenham had a pest house in the 17th century, although the location is not known. There was also a watch house in the middle of the town, with stocks, a pillory and a whipping post whose owner was charged to "ward within and about this Parish and to keep all Beggars and Vagabonds that shall lye abide or lurk about the Towne and to give correction to such...". In 1633 construction began on York House. It was occupied by Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester in 1656 and later by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. 1659 saw the first mention of the Twickenham Ferry, although ferrymen had already been operating in the area for many generations. Sometime before 1743 a "pirate" ferry appears to have been started by Twickenham inhabitants. There is speculation that it operated to serve "The Folly", a floating hostelry of some kind. Several residents wrote to the Lord Mayor of the City of London: {{quote|...Complaining that there is lately fixed near the Shore of Twickenham on the River Thames a Vessell made like a Barge and called the Folly wherein divers[e] loose and disorderly persons are frequently entertained who have behaved in a very indecent Manner and do frequently afront divers[e] persons of Fashion and Distinction who often in an Evening Walk near that place, and desired so great a Nuisance might be removed,....}}18th centuryIn 1713 the nave of the ancient St Mary's Church collapsed, and the church was rebuilt in the Neo-classical style to designs by a local architect, John James.[5] In 1736, the noted pharmacist and quack doctor Joshua Ward set up the Great Vitriol Works to produce sulphuric acid, using a process discovered in the seventeenth century by Johann Glauber in which sulphur is burned together with saltpetre (potassium nitrate), in the presence of steam. The process generates an extremely unpleasant smell, which caused objections from local residents. The area was also soon home to the world's first industrial production facility for gunpowder, on a site between Twickenham and Whitton on the banks of the River Crane. There were frequent explosions and loss of life. On 11 March 1758, one of two explosions was felt in Reading, Berkshire, and in April 1774 another explosion terrified people at church in Isleworth.[5] In 1772 three mills blew up, shattering glass and buildings in the neighbourhood. Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, wrote complaining to his friend and relative Henry Seymour Conway, then Lieutenant General of the Ordnance, that all the decorative painted glass had been blown out of his windows at Strawberry Hill. The powder mills remained in operation until 1927 when they were closed. Much of the site is now occupied by Crane Park, in which the old Shot Tower, mill sluices and blast embankments can still be seen. Much of the area along the river next to the Shot Tower is now a nature reserve. LaterThe 1818 Enclosure Award led to the development of {{convert|182|acre|km2}} of land to the west of the town centre largely between the present day Staines and Hampton Roads, where new roads – Workhouse Road, Middle Road, 3rd, 2nd and 1st Common Roads (now First to Fifth Cross Roads respectively) – were laid out.[6] During the 18th and 19th centuries, a number of fine houses were built and Twickenham became a popular place of residence for people of "fashion and distinction". Further development was stimulated by the opening of Twickenham station in 1848. Electricity was introduced to Twickenham in 1902[7] and the first trams arrived the following year. In 1939, when All Hallows Lombard Street was demolished in the City of London, its distinctive stone tower designed by Christopher Wren, with its peal of ten bells and connecting stone cloister, and the interior furnishings, including a Renatus Harris organ and a pulpit used by John Wesley, were brought to Twickenham to be incorporated in the new All Hallows Church on Chertsey Road (A316) near Twickenham Stadium. The Twickenham Green area witnessed a high-profile murder on 19 August 2004, when French woman Amelie Delagrange (aged 22) died in hospital after being found with a serious head injury (caused by battery) in the area. Within 24 hours, police had established a link with the murder of Marsha McDonnell, who was killed in similar circumstances in nearby Hampton 18 months earlier.[8] Levi Bellfield was found guilty of both murders on 25 February 2008 (as well as a further charge of attempted murder against 18-year-old Kate Sheedy) and sentenced to life imprisonment. In 2011 he was found guilty of the murder of Milly Dowler,[9] a teenage girl who vanished from Walton-on-Thames in March 2002 and whose body was later found in Hampshire woodland.[10] GovernanceFrom 1868 the area was administered jointly between the newly formed Middlesex County Council and the Twickenham Local Government District board, with the passing of the Local Government Act 1858. Then in 1894 The Local Government Act 1894 reconstituted the area as Twickenham Urban District. In 1926 Twickenham was granted a charter of incorporation to become a municipal borough. Eleven years later the urban district councils of Teddington, Hampton & Hampton Wick merged with Twickenham. In 1965 Middlesex County Council was abolished and replaced with the Greater London Council and the boroughs of Twickenham, Richmond and Barnes were combined to form the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. In 1986 the Greater London Council was abolished and most powers devolved to local boroughs and others to the Government and joint boards. In 2000 the Greater London Authority was set up and two-tier administration returned, but with the top tier having a much more limited strategic role. The borough council offices and chamber are located at York House, Twickenham and in the adjacent civic centre. The Twickenham constituency in the UK Parliament includes the towns of Twickenham, St Margarets, Whitton, Teddington, Hampton, Fulwell, Hampton Hill and Hampton Wick. Since the 2017 UK General Election, the Member of Parliament has been a Liberal Democrat, Sir Vince Cable. While the part of Twickenham in the London Borough of Hounslow, north of the Duke of Northumberland's river and east of Twickenham Stadium, is part of the Brentford & Isleworth constituency, which includes the towns of Chiswick, Brentford, South Acton, Isleworth, Osterley and Hounslow East, in addition to North Twickenham itself. EconomyAs a London suburb, many local residents commute to central London or work locally in retail, hospitality, education or for one of the many professional firms based in the area. London Heathrow Airport is important to the local economy both through direct employment and the cluster of international firms that have their European headquarters in the Thames Valley area. Unemployment in the area is very low, however there is a big difference in the salaries earned by residents who work inside the borough, compared to those whose employment is based outside. The council has been making efforts to regenerate Twickenham town centre as it has been struggling due to strong competition from Hounslow, Richmond and Kingston upon Thames. It differs from most town centres as it has fewer retail shops, particularly chain stores, and more cafes, restaurants, banks and estate agents.[11] There has been a comprehensive scheme of town centre improvements including repaving in Yorkstone, a new arts centre, and improved gardens and riverside walk. However, plans to build a barge house for Gloriana at Orleans Gardens[12] and to the youth centre out of Heatham House so it could be converted into a hotel proved controversial and were dropped. Population and housingData for 1891–1961 is available for the Urban Sanitary District, that was then the Metropolitan Borough which always included Whitton. This area temporarily expanded for 31 years to include Hampton and Teddington from 1935, rising from {{convert|2421|acres|km2}} to {{convert|7,014|acres|km2}}.[13] The 2001 and 2011 Censuses give detailed information about the town/district. The settlement's population in 2011 were living in 22,273 households.[14]
In terms of ethnicity (as of 2011 census), the majority of people in all four wards identified themselves as White British, ranging between 71% of the population in Twickenham Riverside to 78% in South Twickenham.[15][16] The next largest ethnic groups in all four wards were Other White, White Irish and Indian.[17][18] Neighbourhoods and GeographyThe neighbourhoods are as follow: Strawberry Hill- South Kneller- West and South Whitton Eel Pie Island- Center and Richmond Thames Territory Twickenham Centre St Margaret’s - East Cole Park- North Heatham- North and East Whitton Twickenham is bounded by the River Thames on the south and the land is relatively flat though it does rise gently to the West as it approaches Whitton. The land is fertile and was home to numerous market gardens before housing became the predominant land use with the coming on the railways in the mid nineteenth century. The town is bordered on the south-eastern side by the River Thames and Eel Pie Island – which is connected to the Twickenham embankment by a narrow footbridge, the first of which was erected in 1957. Before this, access was by means of a hand-operated ferry that was hauled across using a chain on the riverbed. The land adjacent to the river, from Strawberry Hill in the south to Marble Hill Park in the north, is occupied by a mixture of luxury dwellings, formal gardens, public houses and a newly built park and leisure facility. In the south, in Strawberry Hill, lies St Mary's University, Twickenham historically specialising in sports studies, teacher training, religious studies, the humanities, drama studies and English literature. Strawberry Hill was originally a small cottage in two or three acres (8,000 or 12,000 m²) of land by the River Thames. Horace Walpole, a son of the politician Robert Walpole, rented the cottage in 1747 and subsequently bought it and turned it into one of the incunabula of the Gothic revival. The university shares part of its campus with Walpole's Strawberry Hill. On adjacent land were the villa and garden of the poet Alexander Pope. The villa was demolished in 1808/09 following the orders of Lady Howe, who became irritated with the large number of tourists who visited the place.[19] The grotto which formed the basement survived. A memorial plaque was placed on the site in remembrance in 1848. A road just north of the campus is named Pope's Grove, and a local landmark next to the main road is the Alexander Pope Hotel (previously known as Pope's Grotto), a public house and hotel where Pope's landmark informal garden used to be. Near this hostelry lie St Catherine's school for girls and Radnor House School, in a building on the site of Pope's white stucco villa and the location of Pope's original – surviving – grotto. There are a large number of fine houses in the area, many of them Victorian. The open space known as Radnor Gardens lies opposite Pope's Grotto. Not far from Pope's Grotto is the Roman Catholic Church of Saint James, which has a memorial window in the form of the Royal Arms of Portugal and memorials to Manuel II, Portugal's last king, who worshipped here and died in nearby Fulwell Park in 1932. Twickenham proper begins in the vicinity of Pope's Grotto, with generally large period houses to the west, the traditional definition of which is Twickenham Green, and similar housing in the east all the distance to Richmond Bridge typically largest near the Thames. The town centre is not actually in the centre of the town, rather in the southeastern corner, as Twickenham was built up moving away from the Thames. Whitton lies further to the north and west. The districts of East Twickenham and St Margarets lie to the north-east of central Twickenham on the west side of Richmond Bridge, the shortest bridge on the Tideway. These are popular for their attractive tree-lined residential roads and an eclectic range of shops and cafés. St Margarets is the location of Twickenham Studios, one of London's major film studios. East Twickenham abuts the River Thames at Richmond Bridge and St Margarets has its river frontage immediately to the north. The great estate of Cambridge Park, home of Richard Owen Cambridge, the 18th-century satirical poet, was located here. Nearest places{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
Education{{main|List of schools in Richmond upon Thames}}There are several schools in Twickenham including secondary schools, primary schools, universities and kindergartens. Many of these are easily accessible by the local bus network mentioned in the Transport section. Richmond upon Thames College, a College of General Further and Higher Education, is on Egerton Road in Twickenham. TransportUntil 1971 London Transport operated a bus depot known as "Twickenham Garage" (coded AB) which was located in Cambridge Road, East Twickenham. The relevant destination blind for garage journeys always referred to this location as Richmond Bridge, which was close by. On closure, all its routes and vehicles were transferred to Fulwell bus garage, but the building remained under the ownership of London Transport until the mid-1990s when it was demolished to make way for a housing development. Fulwell Garage was previously known as Fulwell Depot and was originally the base for London United Tramways in south west London. The trams were replaced by trolleybuses that started operating from Fulwell Depot in the 1930s. The trolleybuses were later replaced by AEC Routemaster buses and London's last trolleybus terminated here on the night of 8 May 1962, following a commemorative circuit of the Fulwell routes by London's first trolleybus, No.1 of the A1 class Felthams, known as "Diddlers". This vehicle is preserved in working order. Originally Twickenham station was situated on the western side of the A310 London Road bridge before the new station was opened on the eastern side. This accounts for roads named Railway Approach and Station Road, which now give no access to the station. Nearest railway stationsThe main railway station in the town is Twickenham itself, although St Margarets, Whitton, Fulwell and Strawberry Hill stations are also within the Twickenham post town. Stations in nearby towns (all, except for Richmond and Isleworth, once part of the former Borough of Twickenham) are:
BusesLondon Buses serving Twickenham are:
All above routes serve King Street in the town centre apart from the 481, which runs through western Twickenham. The N22 only operates at night (00:00–05:00). SportTwickenham is home to the headquarters of the Rugby Football Union and Twickenham Stadium. The England National Rugby Union Team play all their home matches at Twickenham Stadium, which is one of England's largest stadiums and the world's largest rugby stadium. Harlequins, a rugby union club, play at the Twickenham Stoop. Twickenham Stadium hosted Rugby World Cup fixtures in 1991, 1999 and 2015, including semi-final matches in 1999 and the final matches in 1991 and 2015. Arts and cultureThe Exchange is a community building, including a 320-seat theatre, opposite Twickenham railway station. It opened in October 2017.[20] The building is owned by Richmond upon Thames Council and is managed by St Mary's University, Twickenham.[21][22]The Twickenham Museum is a volunteer-run museum opposite St Mary's parish church. It is open every day except Mondays. The Cabbage Patch pub on London Road has, since 1983, been a regular venue for live music on Sunday nights, organised by TwickFolk.[23][24] Public art{{main|List of public art in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames#Twickenham}}In 2015, working in partnership with Richmond upon Thames Council and the architectural design practice Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, Twickenham resident Graham Henderson conceived, designed, built and installed Pope's Urn, an important contemporary piece of public art, inspired by the poetry of Alexander Pope.[25] Enjoying a central position on the Twickenham riverside, the sculpture was commissioned to celebrate the 2015 Rugby World Cup, and was opened in a ceremony in September 2015.[26] Places of worship
People{{Main|List of people from Richmond upon Thames}}Living people
Historical figures
See also
References1. ^1 2 Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density United Kingdom Census 2011 Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 November 2013 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://thames-landscape-strategy.org.uk/visitor-guide/the-arcadian-thames |title=The Arcadian Thames |publisher=Thames Landscape Strategy |date= |accessdate=15 January 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.php?aid=4&ctid=3&cid=28| title=First written mention of 'Tuican hom' in a Charter | publisher=Twickenham Museum | accessdate=2 February 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=218 |title=Domesday Book – Hampton |publisher=Twickenham Museum |date= |accessdate=15 January 2017}} 5. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28369829 | title=Sulphur surplus: Up to our necks in a diabolical element | work=BBC News magazine | date=19 July 2014 | accessdate=19 July 2014 | author=Knight, Laurence}} 6. ^Cashmore, T H R (1977), Twickenham in 1818: The year of the Enclosure, Borough of Twickenham Local History Society Paper 38. 7. ^Urwin, A C B (1977), The Coming of Electricity to Twickenham, Borough of Twickenham Local History Society Paper 37 8. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3582958.stm | title=Murder police probe Marsha 'link' | work=BBC News | date=20 August 2004 | accessdate=13 May 2014}} 9. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-13875507 |title=Levi Bellfield guilty of Milly Dowler murder |date=23 June 2011 |work=BBC News |access-date=2 February 2018}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=Levi Bellfield guilty of murdering two women|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1579748/Levi-Bellfield-guilty-of-murdering-two-women.html|author=Moore, Matthew and agencies|work=The Telegraph|date=25 February 2008|accessdate=11 September 2014}} 11. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.richmond.gov.uk/adopted_twickenham_area_action_plan_july_2013.pdf|title= Twickenham Area Action Plan|date= July 2013|access-date= 2 February 2018|publisher= London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|deadurl= bot: unknown|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131109135820/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/adopted_twickenham_area_action_plan_july_2013.pdf|archivedate= 9 November 2013|df= dmy-all}} 12. ^{{cite web|author=Cumber, Robert |url=http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/news/local-news/boost-brentford-twickenham-says-no-7759466 |title=Boost for Brentford as Twickenham says no to royal barge Gloriana |publisher=Get West London |date=12 September 2014 |accessdate=2 February 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10017968/cube/TOT_POP |title=Braunton through time: Population Statistics: Total Population | accessdate=13 July 2013 | work= A Vision of Britain through Time}} 14. ^Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density United Kingdom Census 2011 Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 November 2013 15. ^http://www.ukcensusdata.com/twickenham-riverside-e05000531 16. ^http://www.ukcensusdata.com/south-twickenham-e05000529 17. ^http://www.ukcensusdata.com/st-margarets-and-north-twickenham-e05000527 18. ^http://www.ukcensusdata.com/west-twickenham-e05000532 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21587468|title=The man who demolished Shakespeare's house|author= Winterman, Denise|work= BBC News|date= 7 March 2013|accessdate= 7 March 2013}} 20. ^{{cite press release|url=https://www.richmond.gov.uk/council/news/press_office/older_news/october_2017/twickenhams_newest_arts_centre|title=Something for everyone at Twickenham's newest arts centre|publisher=Richmond Upon Thames Council|accessdate=4 February 2018}} 21. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/15419939.St_Mary_s_University_takes_over_a_new_community_building_in_Richmond/|last=Howard |first=Jen |work=Richmond and Twickenham Times|title=St Mary's University takes over a new community building in Richmond |date=19 July 2017 |access-date=14 November 2017}} 22. ^{{Cite press release |title=Key 'exchange' for Twickenham community building |date=18 July 2017 |publisher=Richmond upon Thames Council |author=Firth, Elinor|url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/key_exchange_for_twickenham_community_building |access-date=7 October 2017}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/86898978/Twickfolk-Music-for-the-Folks-Maverick-Magazine|title=TwickFolk: Music for the Folks!|publisher=Maverick|author=Webb, Jela|year= 2008|accessdate=4 September 2016}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fatea-records.co.uk/magazine/twickfolk.html|title=Club Of The Month:TwickFolk|publisher=FATEA magazine|accessdate= 24 August 2011}} 25. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/28/alexander-pope-urn-scuplture-twickenham-memorial |title=Alexander Pope is granted eternal sunshine of a Twickenham memorial|last=Flood |first=Alison |date=28 September 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=20 March 2018}} 26. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.thisisourtown.co.uk/richmond/popes-urn-veiled-on-twickenham-riverside/9221253/ |title=Pope’s Urn unveiled on Twickenham Riverside |publisher= This is Our Town|location= Richmond upon Thames|date=September 2015|access-date=20 March 2018}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xz44cSUbfs |title=Steve Allen shows you around Twickenham |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2017}} 28. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/6417247.Church_archives_reveal_a_Vineyard_of_history/ | title=Church archives reveal a Vineyard of history | work=Richmond and Twickenham Times | date=8 May 2001 | accessdate=2 August 2017 | author=Jones, Helen}} 29. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/kingstonnews/8790495.Residents_vow_to_fight_controversial_bingo_hall_plans/ | title=Residents vow to fight former Kingston bingo hall plans | work=Kingston Guardian |date=14 January 2011 | accessdate=11 October 2012 | author=George, Martin | location=London}} 30. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/my-perfect-weekend/7043548/My-perfect-weekend-Rob-Brydon.html | title=My perfect weekend; Rob Brydon | work=The Telegraph | location= London|date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=2 February 2018 | author=Swann, Yvonne}} 31. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/shortcuts/2016/dec/13/we-had-audiences-of-18-million-michael-fish-remembers-ian-mccaskill|title='We had audiences of 18 million': Michael Fish remembers Ian McCaskill|work=The Guardian|date=13 December 2016|accessdate=8 June 2017}} 32. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.sheengate.co.uk/richmond-and-barnes/2012/07/24/olympic-torch-heads-through-richmond/ | title=Olympic Torch heads through Richmond | work=The Barnes Magazine | location= London|date=24 July 2012 | accessdate=11 October 2012 | author=Arnett, George}} 33. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/ashes-to-ashes-star-keeley-hawes-on-surviving-a-showbiz-marriage-6455459.html | title=Ashes to Ashes star Keeley Hawes on surviving a showbiz marriage | work=Evening Standard | date=1 April 2010 | accessdate=11 October 2012 | author=Hoggard, Liz | location=London}} 34. ^{{Cite web |url=http://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?subid=0®id=1157063 |title=The Rimbaud And Verlaine Foundation |date=2017 |publisher=Charity Commission for England and Wales |access-date=22 March 2018}} 35. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.sheengate.co.uk/richmond-and-barnes/2014/10/27/interview-roxanna-panufnik/ | title=Interview: Roxanna Panufnik | work=The Barnes Magazine | date=27 October 2014 | accessdate=20 January 2015 | author=Laurie, Samantha}} 36. ^{{cite web | title= Andrzej Panufnik – Malcolm Smith | url=http://www.thesmith.org.uk/music/mentors/panufnik.html | publisher=thesmith.org.uk | accessdate=22 April 2013 | author=Smith, Malcolm }} 37. ^{{cite journal |last1=Tufnell|first1=Nicholas| title=Meet Tim, a 71-year-old English eccentric whose toy collection has been charming millions online|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/meet-tim-rowett|journal=Wired UK|accessdate=16 November 2016|date=2014-02-03}} 38. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/196227/Pete-Townshend-can|title=Pete Townsend can't bear the breeze|work= Daily Express|location= London |author=Helliker, Adam|date= 29 August 2012|accessdate= 26 September 2012}} 39. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2001/aug/18/london.unitedkingdom.walkingholidays |last=Hoggart |first=Simon |date=18 August 2001 |title=Suburban hymn|work=The Guardian |access-date=3 February 2018 |author-link=Simon Hoggart}} 40. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/arthur-anderson-1.html |title=Arthur Anderson |website=www.sports-reference.com |access-date=3 February 2018}} 41. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/925379 |title= ANDERSON, GERARD RUPERT LAURIE|publisher= Commonwealth War Graves Commission|access-date= 2 February 2018}} 42. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=_U3CDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=arthur+anderson+twickenham#v=onepage&q=arthur%20anderson%20twickenham&f=false |title=The Extinguished Flame: Olympians Killed in ther Great War |last=McCrery |first=Nigel |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2016 |pages= 35–36|isbn=978-1-47387-798-6 |location=Barnsley}} 43. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/laurie-anderson-1.html |title=Laurie Anderson |website=www.sports-reference.com |access-date=3 February 2018}} 44. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/05/trevor-baylis-inventor-wind-up-radio-dies-aged-80|title=Trevor Baylis, inventor of the wind-up radio, dies aged 80|work=The Guardian|date=5 March 2018}} 45. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Pearson, Lynn F |date= 2008|title= Discovering Famous Graves|page=82|isbn= 978-0747806196}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blueplaqueplaces.co.uk/walter-de-la-mare-plaque-in-london-110#.WTacvTOZPoA|title=Walter de la Mare blue plaque in London|publisher=Blue Plaque Places|accessdate=6 June 2017}} 47. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.visitrichmond.co.uk/blue-plaques.asp | title=Blue Plaques in Richmond upon Thames | publisher=London Borough of Richmond upon Thames | work=Visit Richmond | accessdate=4 February 2016}} 48. ^{{cite book|author=Goldman, Lawrence|author-link=Lawrence Goldman|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005–2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA459|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-967154-0|pages=459–}} 49. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/services/libraries/branch_libraries/local_studies_collection/victoria_cross_holders_buried_in_the_borough/harry_hampton | title=Harry Hampton | publisher=London Borough of Richmond upon Thames | work=Victoria Cross holders buried in the borough | date=3 August 2009 | accessdate=24 August 2017}} 50. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/services/libraries/branch_libraries/local_studies_collection/victoria_cross_holders_buried_in_the_borough/norman_cyril_jackson | title=Norman Cyril Jackson | publisher=London Borough of Richmond upon Thames | work=Victoria Cross holders buried in the borough | date=3 August 2009 | accessdate=17 November 2017}} 51. ^1 Cobbett, Richard Stuteley, Memorials of Twickenham: parochial and topographical (Smith, Elder & Co., 1872), p. 402 52. ^St Mary's Church, Twickenham Museum, accessed 4 November 2012 53. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=29 | title=Batty Langley: gardener and prolific writer | publisher=Twickenham Museum | accessdate=31 March 2013}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/orleans_house_gallery/|title=Orleans House Gallery|work=richmond.gov.uk}} 55. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/local_history_french_royal_residencies.pdf | title=Residences of the French Royal House of Orleans | publisher=London Borough of Richmond upon Thames | work=Local History Notes | accessdate=11 October 2012}} 56. ^{{cite web | title=King Manoel II of Portugal | url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=79 | publisher=Twickenham Museum | accessdate=3 February 2018}} 57. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8071175/Sir-Andrzej-Panufnik.html|title=Obituary: Sir Andrzej Panufnik|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=28 October 1991|accessdate=6 June 2017}} 58. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/services/libraries/branch_libraries/local_studies_collection/local_history_notes/alexander_pope-2 | title=Alexander Pope | publisher=London Borough of Richmond upon Thames | work=Local History notes | date= 9 January 2015|accessdate=27 August 2017}} 59. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-27129358|title=Obituary – Peter Sallis|work=BBC News|date=5 June 2017|accessdate=6 June 2017}} 60. ^{{cite news | url= http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/457348.0/ | title=Obituary: Playwright James Saunders | work=Richmond and Twickenham Times | date=6 February 2004 | accessdate=9 October 2012}} 61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/biographies/22%20Navajbai%20Tata.htm |title=Navajbai Tata (1877–1965) |publisher=Tata Central Archives |accessdate=14 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231185731/http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/biographies/22%20Navajbai%20Tata.htm |archivedate=31 December 2012 |df= }} 62. ^{{cite web|url= https://tellingtrails.wordpress.com/2006/03/15/alfred-tennyson-1809-1892/#more-175 |title= Alfred Tennyson|publisher= Telling Trails |date=15 March 2006|accessdate= 21 May 2016}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.notableabodes.com/person-abode-details/10655/lord-alfred-tennyson-poet_chapel-house-15-montpelier-row-twickenham-london|title=Chapel House, 15 Montpelier Row, Twickenham, London|publisher=Notable Abodes|accessdate=6 June 2017}} 64. ^{{Cite book |title=Letters of Alfred Lord Tennyson 1809–1892 |editor1= Lang, Cecil Y|editor2=Shannon, Edgar F Jr. |publisher=Belknap Harvard |year=1987 |isbn=978-0674525849 |oclc=153582865}} 65. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.turnerintwickenham.org.uk | title=Turner's House Twickenham | publisher=Turner's House Trust | accessdate=3 February 2018}} 66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.php?aid=120&cid=12&ctid=1|title=Thomas Twining|publisher=Twickenham Museum|accessdate=8 June 2017}} 67. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/services/libraries/branch_libraries/local_studies_collection/local_history_notes/horace_walpole_and_strawberry_hill | title=Horace Walpole (1717–1797) and Strawberry Hill | publisher=London Borough of Richmond upon Thames | work=Local history notes | date= 23 June 2017|accessdate=21 July 2017}} Further reading
External links{{NSRW Poster}}{{Commons category}}
6 : Twickenham|Areas of London|Districts of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Districts of London on the River Thames|London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Places formerly in Middlesex |
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