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词条 TwinVQ
释义

  1. TwinVQ in MPEG-4

  2. TwinVQ as a proprietary audio format

  3. Software support

     Official  Third-Party Software 

  4. See also

  5. External links

  6. References

{{short description|audio compression technique}}

TwinVQ (transform-domain weighted interleave vector quantization) is an audio compression technique developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) Human Interface Laboratories (now Cyber Space Laboratories) in 1994.[1][2][3][4] The compression technique has been used in both standardized and proprietary designs.

TwinVQ in MPEG-4

In the context of the MPEG-4 Audio (MPEG-4 Part 3), TwinVQ is an audio codec optimized for audio coding at ultra low bitrates around 8 kbit/s.

TwinVQ is one of the object types defined in MPEG-4 Audio, published as subpart 4 of ISO/IEC 14496-3 (for the first time in 1999 - a.k.a. MPEG-4 Audio version 1).[5][6][7][8][9] This object type is based on a general audio transform coding scheme which is integrated with the AAC coding frame work, a spectral flattening module, and a weighted interleave vector quantization module. This scheme reportedly has high coding gain for low bit rate and potential robustness against channel errors and packet loss, since it does not use any variable length coding and adaptive bit allocation. It supports bitrate scalability, both by means of layered TwinVQ coding and in combination with the scalable AAC.

Note that some commercialized products such as Metasound (Voxware),[10][11] SoundVQ (Yamaha),[12][13][14] and SolidAudio (Hagiwara) are also based on the TwinVQ technology, but the configurations are different from the MPEG-4 TwinVQ.[6]

TwinVQ as a proprietary audio format

A proprietary audio compression format called TwinVQ was developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) (in NTT's Human Interface Laboratories)[15][16] and marketed by Yamaha under the name SoundVQ.[13] The NTT also offered a TwinVQ demonstration software for non-commercial purposes - NTT TwinVQ Encoder and TwinVQ Player, encoder API, decoder API and header file format.[17][18] The filename extension is .vqf.

TwinVQ uses Twin vector quantization. The proprietary TwinVQ codec supports constant bit rate encoding at 80, 96, 112, 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s. It was claimed that TwinVQ files are about 30 to 35% smaller than MP3 files of adequate quality. For example, a 96 kbit/s TwinVQ file allegedly has roughly the same quality as a 128 kbit/s MP3 file. The higher quality is achieved at the cost of higher processor usage.

Yamaha marketed TwinVQ as an alternative to MP3, but the format never became very popular. This could be attributed to the proprietary nature of the format—third party software was scarce and there was no hardware support. Also the encoding was extremely slow and there was not much music available in TwinVQ format. As other MP3 alternatives emerged, TwinVQ quickly became obsolete.

The proprietary version of TwinVQ can be also used for speech encoding. Compression technology specifically designed to handle voice compression was published by NTT. The NTT TwinVQ implementation supported sampling frequencies from 8 kHz or 11.025 kHz and bit rate from 8 kbit/s.[14][19][20][21][22]

Software support

Official

NTT in Japan once offered on its website a player/encoder for download[23]. This was not as successful as the Yamaha version (see below) and, nowadays, can be found at ReallyRareWares[24].

Yamaha released an English player application called SoundVQ[25]. Several third party players also supported the format including WinAmp (with the appropriate input plugin) and K-Jöfol (which supported the format natively).

Third-Party Software

The format was reverse-engineered in 2009 by the FFmpeg project and decoding of vqf files is supported by the open-source libavcodec library,[26] which makes it supported in players that utilize the library, such as VLC media player.

Some older versions of Nero Burning ROM are able to encode to TwinVQ/VQF.

Some CD-Ripping/Converter software also support encoding to .vqf format.

See also

  • Comparison of audio formats

External links

  • MPEG-4 Audio FAQ - ISO (1998)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100117170350/http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/tutorials/papers/icj-mpeg4-si/09-natural_audio_paper/scalability.html MPEG-4 Natural Audio Coding - scalability in MPEG-4 natural audio], [https://web.archive.org/web/20091209013433/http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/tutorials/papers/icj-mpeg4-si/09-natural_audio_paper/twin.html TwinVQ], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100129191329/http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/tutorials/papers/icj-mpeg4-si/09-natural_audio_paper/profiles.html Audio profiles and levels]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20000229210245/http://www.vqf.com/faq.php3 What Is VQF? - an article on the historical VQF website] (2000)
  • VQF on Hydrogenaudio Knowledgebase (2006)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20021227124703/http://www.twinvq.org/english/about_en.html The historical NTT TwinVQ website - by Nippon Telephone and Telegraph] (2002), ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080419064843/http://www.twinvq.org/english/index_en.html 2008])
  • Information about TwinVQ on MP3' Tech (2001)
  • {{Freshmeat|xmmsvqfplugin|XMMS VQF Plugin}} (2002-07-12)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110829005608/http://www.winamp.com/plugin/vqf-input-plugin-v1-for-winamp/13637 Winamp VQF Plugin] (2000-07-27)

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nttinfo.ntt.jp/RD/1994rev/multimedia/mul07.html |title=R&D activities of NTT's Research and Development Headquarters in 1994 - An Integral Multimedia Capability - Compression Encoding of Music with TwinVQ (archived website) |author=Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp. |year=1995 |accessdate=2010-08-06 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/19971009222131/http://www.nttinfo.ntt.jp/RD/1994rev/multimedia/mul07.html |archivedate = 1997-10-09}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hil.ntt.co.jp/SpchCoding/twinvqj.html |year=1996 |title=Welcome to the home of TwinVQ! (archived website) (Japanese) |author=NTT |accessdate=2010-08-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000830085908/http://www.hil.ntt.co.jp/SpchCoding/twinvqj.html |archivedate=2000-08-30}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7402 |title=AES E-Library - Transform-Domain Weighted Interleave Vector Quantization (TwinVQ) |publisher=Audio Engineering Society |year=1996 |accessdate=2010-08-06}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hil.ntt.co.jp/top/onsei_e.html |title=Our research of Audio |publisher=NTT HI Labs |year=1997 |accessdate=2010-08-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990128151838/http://www.hil.ntt.co.jp/top/onsei_e.html |archivedate=1999-01-28}}
5. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=25035 | title=ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio | author=ISO | publisher=ISO | year=1999 | accessdate=2009-10-09}}
6. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/faq/mp4-aud/mp4-aud.htm#56 | title=MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG-4 - an introduction to MPEG-4 Audio | author=D. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup | publisher=chiariglione.org | date=October 1998 | accessdate=2009-10-06}}
7. ^{{citation | url=ftp://ftp.tnt.uni-hannover.de/pub/MPEG/audio/mpeg4/documents/w2803/w2803_n.pdf | title=ISO/IEC 14496-3:/Amd.1 - Final Committee Draft - MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 | format=PDF | author=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 | publisher= | date=July 1999 | accessdate=2009-10-07}}
8. ^{{cite web | url=http://140.130.175.70/html/mpeg4/sound.media.mit.edu/mpeg4/audio/general/index.html#aes106 | title=The MPEG-4 Audio Standard: Overview and Applications | author=Heiko Purnhagen | publisher=Heiko Purnhagen | date=2001-06-01 | accessdate=2009-10-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://140.130.175.70/html/mpeg4/sound.media.mit.edu/mpeg4/audio/documents/index.html |title=MPEG-4 Audio (Final Committee Draft 14496-3) |author=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N2203 |publisher=Heiko Purnhagen |date=March 1998 |accessdate=2009-10-07 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}
10. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Voxware+expands+technology+offerings+%26+signs+licensing+agreement+with+...-a018934846 | title=Voxware expands technology offerings & signs licensing agreement with NTT. | author=Business Wire | publisher=The Free Library | date=1996-12-11 | accessdate=2009-10-06}}
11. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/IBM+Licenses+Voxware's+MetaSound+Technology+for+Use+in+Multimedia+...-a019397989 | title=IBM Licenses Voxware's MetaSound Technology for Use in Multimedia Products. | author=Business Wire | publisher=The Free Library | date=1997-05-13 | accessdate=2009-10-06}}
12. ^{{cite web | url=http://yamaha-xg.com/soundvq/ready/index.html | title=Yamaha SoundVQ | author=YAMAHA CORPORATION | publisher=Archive.org | year=2000 | accessdate=2009-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030227050257/http://yamaha-xg.com/soundvq/ready/index.html |archivedate=2003-02-27}}
13. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.yamaha.co.jp/english/xg/SoundVQ/ |title=Yamaha "SoundVQ" |year=1997 |author=YAMAHA CORPORATION |accessdate=2010-08-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19981207005746/http://www.yamaha.co.jp/english/xg/SoundVQ/ |archivedate=1998-12-07}}
14. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://sound.splab.ecl.ntt.co.jp/twinvq-e/about-e.html | title=About TwinVQ | author=NTT-East Multimedia Business Department | publisher=Archive.org | date=2000-03-31 | accessdate=2009-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817044612/http://sound.splab.ecl.ntt.co.jp/twinvq-e/about-e.html |archivedate=2000-08-17}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.commerce.or.jp/tech-new/TWIN_VQ/tvq_default.html |title=Music compression technology "TwinVQ" (archived website) (Japanese) |year=1996 |accessdate=2010-08-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970627022426/http://www.commerce.or.jp/tech-new/TWIN_VQ/tvq_default.html |archivedate=1997-06-27}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wnn.or.jp/wnn-sound/twinvq/v2/aboutTVQ.html |title=About TwinVQ (archived website) (Japanese) |year=1997 |accessdate=2010-08-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970725052747/http://www.wnn.or.jp/wnn-sound/twinvq/v2/aboutTVQ.html |archivedate=1997-07-25}}
17. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.twinvq.org/english/down.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109112902/http://www.twinvq.org/english/down.html | dead-url=yes | archive-date=2005-11-09 | title=TwinVQ Software | author=NTT-East Multimedia Business Department | year=2008 | accessdate=2009-10-07 | df= }}
18. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.twinvq.org/english/kaihatsu_en.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020411201715/http://www.twinvq.org/english/kaihatsu_en.html | dead-url=yes | archive-date=2002-04-11 | title=TwinVQ - libraries and sample programs | author=NTT-East Multimedia Business Department | year=2002 | accessdate=2009-10-07 | df= }}
19. ^{{cite web | url=http://sound.splab.ecl.ntt.co.jp/twinvq-e/faq-e.html | title=TwinVQ F.A.Q. | author=NTT-East Multimedia Business Department | publisher=Archive.org | year=2000 | accessdate=2009-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819023521/http://sound.splab.ecl.ntt.co.jp/twinvq-e/faq-e.html |archivedate=2000-08-19}}
20. ^{{cite web | url=http://music.jpn.net/ | title=TwinVQ (archived website) | author=NTT | publisher=Archive.org | date=1998-03-24 | accessdate=2009-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19980430032512/http://music.jpn.net/ |archivedate=1998-04-30}}
21. ^{{cite web | url=http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=VQF | title=VQF | author=MultimediaWiki | publisher=MultimediaWiki | year=2009 | accessdate=2009-10-07}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wnn.or.jp/wnn-sound/twinvq/v2/faq.html |title=TwinVQ F.A.Q. (archived website) (Japanese) |year=1997 |accessdate=2010-08-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970725052848/http://www.wnn.or.jp/wnn-sound/twinvq/v2/faq.html |archivedate=1997-07-25}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.twinvq.org/english/index_en.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012071040/http://www.twinvq.org/english/index_en.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2004-10-12|title=TwinVQ|date=2004-10-12|access-date=2017-10-01}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rarewares.org/rrw/nttvqf.php|title=ReallyRareWares|website=www.rarewares.org|access-date=2017-10-01}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rarewares.org/rrw/soundvq.php|title=ReallyRareWares|website=www.rarewares.org|access-date=2017-10-01}}
26. ^{{cite web | url = http://git.videolan.org/?p=ffmpeg.git;a=blob;f=libavcodec/twinvq.c;hb=HEAD | title = TwinVQ decoder source-code | accessdate = 2009-08-23 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190502/http://git.videolan.org/?p=ffmpeg.git%3Ba%3Dblob%3Bf%3Dlibavcodec%2Ftwinvq.c%3Bhb%3DHEAD | archivedate = 2012-03-23 | df = }}
{{Compression formats}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Twinvq}}

2 : Audio codecs|Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
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