| 词条 | Wesley Bad Heart Bull |
| 释义 |
| name = Wesley Bad Heart Bull | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Wesley Charles Bad Heart Bull[1] | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1952|6|10}}[1] | birth_place = Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota | death_date = {{death date and age|1973|01|27|1952|6|10}}[2] | death_place = Buffalo Gap, South Dakota[2] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = American Indian | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | spouse = | parents = Sarah Jennie Bad Heart Bull (mother) Vincent Bad Heart Bull, Sr. (father)[1] | children = | organization = | known_for = catalyst for the occupation of Wounded Knee | relatives = Amos Bad Heart Bull[3] Arlette Loud Hawk | awards = | website = }}Wesley Bad Heart Bull (June 10, 1952 – January 27, 1973) was the name of a Native American man. He was the victim of a murder in which a man by the name of Darld Schmitz stabbed Bad Heart Bull to death.[4][5] The murder and subsequent handling of his murder is cited as the catalyst for leading to the events later known as the Wounded Knee incident.[6][7][8][9] Early lifeWesley Charles Bad Heart Bull was born on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota on 10 June 1952.[1] He was the middle brother of Verlyn Dale 'Butch' Bad Heart Bull (b. 14 July 1949) and Vincent Eli Bad Heart Bull, Jr. (b. 9 March 1955), and older brother to Trina Lynn Bad Heart Bull (b. 5 January 1959), Henry Gerald Bad Heart Bull (b. 18 May 1957), Imogene "April" Bad Heart Bull (b. 7 April 1961), Julie Ann Bad Heart Bull (b. 24 May 1964) as well as older half-brother and first cousin to Jamie Merle Bad Heart Bull (b. 30 September 1966).[1] This was owed to the fact that after Sarah and Vincent Sr. had divorced, Sarah married her brother-in-law, Matthew "Kayo" Bad Heart Bull.[1] According to Fall River County, South Dakota, sheriff Jack Manke, Bad Heart Bull had a record consisting of 19 arrests, including assault on a police officer, in the past two years[10] and had been jailed in Custer, Hot Springs, South Dakota, and Hill City on assault, disturbing the peace and public intoxication charges.[4] MurderOn 27 January 1973, John Wesley Bad Heart Bull was stabbed in Buffalo Gap, South Dakota after going to Bill's Bar in Custer, South Dakota.[4] There are conflicting accounts of what events led up to the stabbing. According to Custer County authorities, some witnesses claimed that Schmitz was acting in self-defense, as Bad Heart Bull had been harassing patrons at Bill's Bar.[4] Witnesses also stated that Bad Heart Bull used his 18-inch logchain to beat a James "Mad Dog" Geary, before Schmitz intervened and inadvertently stabbed him with a knife while trying to push Bad Heart Bull back with his hand.[3] However, a friend of Bad Heart Bull claimed to have heard Schmitz state that "he was going to kill him an Indian."[9] Robert High Eagle, an individual from Hot Springs, who witnessed the murder, stated the stabbing was deliberate and unprovoked.[10] Five minutes later after the alleged statement, and in front of six witnesses (four White and two Indian), Schmitz stabbed Bad Heart Bull.[11] Around 2:00 A.M., Bad Heart Bull lay in the street, bleeding from the wound made by a knife that was still buried in his chest. Bad Heart Bull died from blood loss, while en route to a Hot Springs hospital.[4] Schmitz was arrested three days after killing Bad Heart Bull and charged with second-degree murder; the Sheriff said there was not enough evidence for the first-degree charge.[11] It should be noted this was the second assault Schmitz had committed against a Native American.[9] Schmitz would later be released on a $5,000.00 bond.[12] One source, The Observer-Reporter, wrote that he was out of jail on a $2,500.00 bond.[4] Schmitz's charge of second-degree murder was the lowest degree of murder a person could be charged with in South Dakota.[4] At the time, this was a common charge given to White people who caused the deaths of Native Americans.[9] Schmitz plead guilty to second-degree murder i.e. involuntary manslaughter and spent one day in jail for the murder.[6] Custer Courthouse RiotIn response to repeated murders of American Indians by White Americans and lenient punishments issued to the assailants (the most infamous case occurring with Raymond Yellow Thunder), indigenous rights proponents became involved with the Bad Heart Bull case. In January 1973, Dennis Banks proclaimed that AIM members should gather in Rapid City, South Dakota in order to initiate a paramount campaign for civil rights. Sarah Bad Heart Bull, Wesley's mother, contacted the American Indian Movement, known more commonly by the acronym AIM, in order to demonstrate the importance of Native American lives and the disproportionate charges in light of the crime committed.[6] On 6 February 1973 (one source purports the hearing was to take place on the 26 February 1973),[13] Sarah Bad Heart Bull and Robert High Eagle left their homes in Hot Springs, South Dakota and drove to Custer, taking with them Trina Bad Heart Bull, Eddy Clifford and Francis Means, all of whom were present in Buffalo Gap the night Wesley Bad Heart Bull was murdered, in order to attend the Schmitz preliminary hearing and to give statements to the Custer County State's Attorney, Hobart H. Gates,[11][14] to attend the Schmitz preliminary hearing.[15] On that same day, AIM staged a protest over the "minimum" involuntary manslaughter charge issued to Darrell Schmitz, in Custer, South Dakota.[16] However, the authorities had already made preparations, aided by natural occurrences, by the time AIM members arrived in Custer. There was a heavy snowstorm around Custer prior to the protest,[17] to attend the Schmitz preliminary hearing.[15] First, an anonymous caller contacted the Rapid City Journal to announce that the demonstration had been canceled, "leading" journalist Lyn Gladstone[17] to incorrectly report that there was no rally being held, causing a much lower turnout.[18] Second, The Custer County authorities postponed the Schmitz preliminary hearing in anticipation of a caravan of American Indian Movement members who would be arriving in Custer on that 6 February 1973.[1][15] There were also other "security measures" which were instituted on behalf of the Schmitz hearing. While the state attorney was present in the clerk of courts' office to meet with any individual who contested his handling of the Schmitz case, no more than 4-5 people were allowed entrance into the courthouse to discuss the matter simultaneously.[19] Guards had been stationed at all exterior doors of the courthouse to screen all persons who wished to enter the courthouse, and various law enforcement officers, such as the State Highway Motor Patrol, were put on stand by in the event of trouble.[15] In spite of these obstacles, approximately 200 American Indians turned out to protest the murder of the Wesley and the lenient charge issued against the man who killed him.[20][21][22] Four members of the American Indian Movement, Russell Means, Dennis Banks, Leonard Crow Dog and Harry David Hill, were chosen by the group as delegates to confer with the state's attorney were initially denied entry before eventually being allowed to enter the courthouse.[11] However, Hobart refused to raise the charge to murder, and when Russell Means attempted to bring Sarah Bad Heart Bull, mother of the murdered victim into the meeting, both were denied entrance into the courthouse by state troopers.[22] The sheriff blew his whistle, a signal to 90 officers, equipped with batons, and advanced upon the crowd.[11] The officers grabbed Sarah Bad Heart Bull, struck her in the face with a baton[6] and started choking Sarah, using a nightstick to force her to the ground.[11] Several people in the crowd rushed to her defense, and a riot subsequently ensued.[11] The Indian people were confronted with a combined force of local, county, and state police tactical units, all of which were being monitored by observers from the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[18] The Indian people who were present at the courthouse were outnumbered four-to-one by police.[23] As chaos enveloped the area, a state trooper threw the mother of the murder victim to the ground.[22] As the protests at the courthouse erupted into riots, police cars and buildings were set on fire.[16] The ensuing struggle resulted in the Custer County Courthouse and the local chamber of commerce building being set ablaze.[19] Police cars were damaged, automobiles were burned, and rocks, wrenches, slabs of concrete and bottles were hurled at the police officers, the courthouse, and other buildings.[19] Pop bottles filled with gasoline were thrown into the courthouse.[15] A flare ignited the gasoline causing the courthouse to catch on fire and be severely damaged.[15] The Custer Chamber of Commerce building located near the courthouse was set on fire and burned to the ground, which, according to Russell Means, was the result of teargas used by the police.[3] The demonstrators also broke the front windows of a nearby Texaco gasoline station and set fire to the building.[19] The Standard Oil bulk station was also set on fire and caused $9,000.00 in damages.[15] 30 people of Indian descent were arrested,[24] including Russell Means, Dennis Banks, and Sarah Bad Heart Bull, as well as being charged with riot and arson.[18] Sarah Bad Heart Bull was convicted of inciting a riot and was sentenced to one to five years in prison.[11] She served five months[6][18][22] (one source indicated six months)[11] of her sentence before being released on bail to await on a decision on her appeal, when, ironically, her son's killer spent no time in prison for his crime[6][17] (he was given two months probation).[25] Hill was identified by Thelma Rios, another AIM activist who he lived with,[26] as having provoked the Custer Courthouse Incident.[4][5] According to Rios-Conroy, "He started it all, Dave. He provoked the riot. He was right there. He told me so, proudly, several times. He instigated that courtroom riot too. I was there. I saw him start it, punching a cop. At the time everybody thought it was great. He was a warrior. He was a hero and everybody trusted him, including me."[27] Schmitz would go on to be acquitted of the second-degree manslaughter charge later that year by an all-White jury.[17][22] The murder of Wesley Bad Heart Bull and the subsequent second-degree involuntary charge issued to the suspect is cited as the catalyst which led the American Indian Movement to occupy Wounded Knee during the Wounded Knee Incident.[25][28] Vincent Eli Bad Heart Bull, Jr., who has been incarcerated since the age of 17,[1] is the only surviving brother of Wesley Bad Heart Bull, and is the subject of an autobiography by Reno author Jacklynn Lord, entitled Custer Court House Incident.[29] Sarah Jennie Bad Heart Bull, mother of Wesley Bad Heart Bull, died on 18 February 2013, in Cheyenne, Wyoming, at the age of 83.[30] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book |last=Lord |first=Jacklynn |date=8 November 2012 |title=Custer Court House Incident |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DSHm09UebwC&pg=PA260&dq=Wesley+Bad+Heart+BUll+causes+wounded+knee&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIo-Tj8tWSxgIVio-ACh1j2wCN#v=onepage&q=Wesley%20Bad%20Heart%20BUll%20causes%20wounded%20knee&f=false |location=Frederick, Maryland |publisher=America Star Books |page= |isbn=978-1462692934 |access-date=15 June 2015 }} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://tbdisdh.blogspot.com/2010/01/january-27-1973-murder-of-wesley-bad.html |title=January 27, 1973: Murder of Wesley Bad Heart Bull Triggers Events Leading To Wounded Knee Takeover |work=This Big Day in South Dakota History |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=15 June 2015}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Frazier |first=Ian |date=4 May 2012 |title=On the Rez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59i7W4DjJqcC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=The+Custer+Chamber+of+Commerce+building+located+near+the+courthouse+was+set+on+fire+and+burned+to+the+ground&source=bl&ots=2bnbdusUpo&sig=ddZ8HK4tKZdxJcsy4o2JInFYXWY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAWoVChMI-d2utfmUxgIViJ6ACh34cwD8#v=onepage&q=The%20Custer%20Chamber%20of%20Commerce%20building%20located%20near%20the%20courthouse%20was%20set%20on%20fire%20and%20burned%20to%20the%20ground&f=false |location=New York City, New York |publisher=Picador |pages=143–144, 147 |isbn=978-0312278595 |access-date=16 June 2015 }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite news |first=Terry |last=Devine |coauthors= |title=Death of Bad Heart Bull Sets Off Riot |work=The Observer-Reporter |page=A12 |date=12 February 1972 |accessdate=15 June 2015 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19730212&id=IMtdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fl4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=972,2012037&hl=en }} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/hurraep.html |title=Like a Hurricane The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee © |work=Dick Shovel |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=15 June 2015}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2013/02/03/18731287.php |title=Forced Sterilizations, Racist Terror, and the Native American Uprising of 1972-1973 |work=Indy Bay |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=15 June 2015}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://henry.mpls.k12.mn.us/uploads/january_almanac_final_draft_2014.pdf |title=JANUARY ALMANAC For the Year 2014 in the Gregorian calendar |work=January Almanac |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=15 June 2015}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19730212&id=IMtdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fl4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=972,2012037&hl=en |title=Like a Hurricane The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee © |work=Dick Shovel |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=15 June 2015}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.pugetsound.edu/faculty-pages/dsackman/senior-theses/katie-carlson/ |title=On Sacred Ground: The Political Origins and Cultural Outcomes of the Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee, 1890 and 1973 |work=University of Puget Sound |first=Katie |last=Carlson |date=16 December 2004 |accessdate=15 June 2015}} 10. ^1 {{cite news |first= |last= |coauthors= |title=Slaying of Dakota Indian Sparked Days of Violence |work=The Milwaukee Journal |page=12 |date=11 February 1972 |accessdate=16 June 2015 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19730212&id=M0koAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uigEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4976,1834641&hl=en }} 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web |url=http://pdr.autono.net/RapistGov.html |title=Rapist Gov's Vendetta Against AIM Founder |work=Let Them Talk |first=Paul |last=DeRienzo |date=23 October 2002 |accessdate=16 June 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.michaeldavidfleming.com/stalked-by-the-fbi-cointelpro-targeted-individuals-wikipedia-compilation/ |title=Border Towns |work=Michael David Fleming |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=15 June 2015}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sdshspress.com/index.php?&id=1137&sub_action=1&wftclhea=wftclhea&action=960 |title=South Dakota Newspaper Coverage of the 1973 Occupation of Wounded Knee |work=South Dakota Historical Society |first=Rolland |last=Dewing |date= |accessdate=16 June 2015}} 14. ^{{cite book |last1=Sharp |first1=Nancy Weatherly |last2=Sharp |first2=James Roger |date=30 November 1997 |title=American Legislative Leaders in the Midwest, 1911-1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAYnZlEk-iEC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=Hobart+H.+Gates&source=bl&ots=0zqlVHsToC&sig=sg-M7qDlLh_RRKZTGv5dYb-DoIw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCGoVChMIksnL49KUxgIVRKGACh3pkgAT#v=onepage&q=Hobart%20H.%20Gates&f=false |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=Greenwood |pages=112–113 |isbn=978-0313302145 |access-date=16 June 2015 }} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=http://www.leagle.com/decision/1977972257NW2d715_1964.xml/STATE%20v.%20BAD%20HEART%20BULL |title=STATE v. BAD HEART BULL |work=Leagle |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=16 June 2015}} 16. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://espressostalinist.com/genocide/native-american-genocide/ |title=A Timeline of Brown and Red Native Unity |work=Espresso Stalinist |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=16 June 2015}} 17. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Reinhardt |first1=Akim D. |date=15 March 2009 |title=Ruling Pine Ridge: Oglala Lakota Politics from the IRA to Wounded Knee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OEzAiB8U6EC&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169&dq=200+indians+custer+courthouse+wesley+bad+heart+bull&source=bl&ots=rAMEbpDg2U&sig=kNmrswxV7liHbqEESTQ3vh703cA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBWoVChMIlJzpvd6UxgIVyaKACh0YcgBs#v=onepage&q=200%20indians%20custer%20courthouse%20wesley%20bad%20heart%20bull&f=false |location=Lubbock, Texas |publisher=Texas Tech University Press |pages=169–170 |isbn=978-0313302145 |access-date=16 June 2015 }} 18. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1171846 |title=American Indian Heritage Month: Commemoration vs. Exploitation |work=History and the Headlines |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=16 June 2015}} 19. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/south-dakota/supreme-court/1977/11531-1.html |title=A Timeline of Brown and Red Native Unity - STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Sarah BAD HEART BULL and Robert High Eagle, Defendants and Appellants. |work=Justia |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=15 June 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.custercountynews.com/cms/news/story-676754.html |title=Riot still remembered by those involved Doll, Kitchen still remember AIM protest at Custer County Courthouse |work=Custer County News |first=Carrie |last=Moore |date=21 February 2013 |accessdate=15 June 2015}} 21. ^{{cite book |last=Gay |first=Kathlyn |date=12 December 2011 |title=American Dissidents: An Encyclopedia of Activists, Subversives, and Prisoners of Conscience, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DSHm09UebwC&pg=PA260&dq=Wesley+Bad+Heart+BUll+causes+wounded+knee&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIo-Tj8tWSxgIVio-ACh1j2wCN#v=onepage&q=Wesley%20Bad%20Heart%20BUll%20causes%20wounded%20knee&f=false |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=412 |isbn=978-0313352096 |access-date=16 June 2015}} 22. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last=Reilly |first=Edward J. |date=8 November 2012 |title=Legends of American Indian Resistance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DSHm09UebwC&pg=PA260&dq=Wesley+Bad+Heart+BUll+causes+wounded+knee&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIo-Tj8tWSxgIVio-ACh1j2wCN#v=onepage&q=Wesley%20Bad%20Heart%20BUll%20causes%20wounded%20knee&f=false |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=Greenwood |pages=261–262 |isbn=978-0313352096 |access-date=15 June 2015}} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/11/15/russell-means-memoriam |title=Russell Means: In Memoriam |work=Indian Country Today Media Network |first=Steven |last=Newcomb |date=15 November 2012 |accessdate=16 June 2015}} 24. ^{{cite book |last=Jolivétte |first=Andrew |date=11 August 2006 |title=Cultural Representation in Native America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIL82RpRoWAC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=darrell+schmitz+killed+wesley+bad+heart+bull&source=bl&ots=i8KVDqos7G&sig=1QQmkSPHOFs4Q8cPkiapmG5_tlw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAmoVChMIg4r3wcOSxgIVCJiACh04KQBz#v=onepage&q=darrell%20schmitz%20killed%20wesley%20bad%20heart%20bull&f=false |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=89 |isbn=978-0759109858 |access-date=15 June 2015 }} 25. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://isreview.org/issue/67/leonard-peltier-and-indian-struggle-freedom |title=Leonard Peltier and the Indian struggle for freedom |work=International Socialist Review |first=Michele |last=Bollinger |date= |accessdate=16 June 2015}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://oneidaeye.com/2013/10/02/madonna-gilbert-thunderhawk/ |title=Madonna Gilbert Thunder Hawk |work=Oneida Eye |first= |last= |date=2 October 2013 |accessdate=2 January 2016}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.grahamdefense.org/20040110seals.htm |title=Interviews with Thelma Rio |work=Graham Defenses |first=David |last=Seals |date=10 January 2004 |accessdate=2 January 2016}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://hensonusfederman.weebly.com/wounded-knee-incident.html |title=Wounded Knee Incident 1973 |work=Revolution, Reform and Protest |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=16 June 2015}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Custer-Court-House-Incident-Jacklynn/dp/1462692931 |title=Custer Court House Incident |work=Amazon |first= |last= |date= |accessdate=16 June 2015}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lakotacountrytimes.com/news/2013-02-27/The_Holy_Road/Sarah_Jennie_Bad_Heart_Bull.html |title=~Sarah Jennie Bad Heart Bull~ ~Sarah Jennie Bad Heart Bull~ |work=Lakota Country Times |first= |last= |date=27 February 2013 |accessdate=15 June 2015}} External links{{DEFAULTSORT:Bad Heart Bull, Wesley}} 18 : People from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota|Lakota people|Sioux people|1952 births|1973 deaths|1973 in South Dakota|20th-century Native Americans|American Indian Movement|1973 murders in the United States|American murder victims|Murdered Native American people|Native American history of South Dakota|20th century in South Dakota|Crimes in South Dakota|Death in South Dakota|People murdered in South Dakota|Deaths by stabbing in South Dakota|Protests in the United States |
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