| 词条 | Westminster Conference 1559 |
| 释义 |
The Westminster Conference of 1559 was a religious disputation held early in the reign of Elizabeth I of England. Although the proceedings themselves were perfunctory, the outcome shaped the Elizabethan religious settlement. ParticipantsThe participants were nine leading Catholic churchmen, including five bishops, and nine prominent Protestant reformers of the Church of England. Catholics:
Protestants
AccountsFrom the Protestant side, Cox and Jewel gave official accounts, and John Foxe and Raphael Holinshed published on the conference based on those.[6] Other accounts, from Catholics, are by Aloisio Schivenoglia, the Count de Feria, and Nicholas Sanders;[7] Schivenoglia acted as secretary to Sir Thomas Tresham.[8] ProceedingsThe conference started on 31 March 1558/9; the disputation began, and was stopped because of disagreement on rules, and was adjourned (as it turned out, permanently), on April 3 (a Monday).[9][10][11] The timing coincided with the Easter recess of Parliament. It has been argued that the event was staged to discredit the Catholic position on reform,[12] and Patrick Collinson states that the disputation was manipulated to that end.[13] It took place in Westminster Hall.[14] There were three articles at issue in the disputation (on the liturgical language, church authority over forms of worship, and scriptural warrant for propitiatory masses).[15] Nicholas Bacon was in the chair, with Nicholas Heath sitting by him.[16][17] John Feckenham and James Turberville sat with the bishops' side.[15] For the Catholic side, Henry Cole began, defending the use of Latin in the liturgy.[18] Then Robert Horne replied, with a prepared statement. He put the case for English.[19] The disputation then foundered: there was a lack of agreement whether it should be oral or written, and whether Latin or English should be employed.[20] Heath, who had collaborated in Bacon in setting up the disputation, did not intervene to support the Catholic side's view on the pre-agreed conditions.[21] Bacon in the chair was not neutral: he pushed some of the Catholic participants into offensive behaviour.[16] Of the bishops, Watson and White were sent to the Tower of London. Sir Ambrose Cave and Sir Richard Sackville were ordered to search their houses and papers.[22][23] Six more of the participants were fined by the privy council.[20] AftermathWilliam Bill preached on the reasons for the imprisonment of the two bishops on 9 April. On the following day a new bill for royal supremacy was moved.[9] The Uniformity Act of 1559 passed successfully through Parliament, but the margin in the House of Lords was a slender three votes. Edward Rishton attributed absences of Catholic bishops and laymen from the Lords to underhand tactics.[20]When in the following year Jewel restated the position of the Church of England after the settlement, and invited refutations, Cole replied to him, starting an extended controversy.[24] References
Notes1. ^http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/apparatus/person_glossaryO.html 2. ^http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/johnfoxe/main/person12_793.html 3. ^{{ODNBweb|id=16008|title=Langdale, Alban|first=Jonathan|last=Wright}} 4. ^{{ODNBweb|id=29286|title=Whitehead, David|first=Andrew|last=Pettegree}} 5. ^Acts and Monuments Online, Conference or Disceptation had betwixt the Protestantes and the Papistes at Westminster. 6. ^Holinshed Project, The peaceable and prosperous regiment of blessed Queene Elisabeth (1587, Volume 6, p. 1182). 7. ^G. E. Phillips, The Extinction of the Ancient Hierarchy (1905), p. 80; [https://archive.org/stream/theextinctionof00philuoft#page/80/mode/2up archive.org]. 8. ^{{cite book|author=Edward Chaney|title=England and the Continental Renaissance: Essays in Honor of J.B. Trapp|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24wcpBPmNQAC&pg=PA92|accessdate=14 November 2012|year=1990|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-0-85115-270-7|page=92}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|author=Mary Morrissey|title=Politics and the Paul's Cross Sermons, 1558-1642|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7smutvuRcYC&pg=PA71|accessdate=14 November 2012|date=16 June 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957176-5|page=71}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=William P. Haugaard|title=Elizabeth and the English Reformation: The Struggle for a Stable Settlement of Religion....|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA107|accessdate=14 November 2012|year=1968|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=102–3|id=GGKEY:LA9WJTAP5T9}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Charles Dodd|title=Dodd's Church History of England from the Commencement of the Sixteenth Century to the Revolution in 1688. With Notes, Additions and a Continuation ...: Edward VI. Mary. Elizabeth. Appendix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgVMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136|accessdate=20 November 2012|year=1839|publisher=C. Dolman|pages=135–6 note.}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas M McCoog, S.J.|title=The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541-1588: Our Way of Proceeding?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BB4u8Lg9-lwC&pg=PA43|accessdate=14 November 2012|year=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10482-2|page=43 note 4.}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Patrick Collinson|title=The Elizabethan Puritan Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8c9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32|accessdate=14 November 2012|year=1967|publisher=Methuen|isbn=978-0-416-34000-6|page=32}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Patrick Collinson|title=Godly People: Essays On English Protestantism and Puritanism (History Series, 23)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXWCEhxY0M0C&pg=PA587|accessdate=14 November 2012|date=2 August 2003|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-907628-15-6|page=587}} 15. ^1 Richard Watson Dixon, History of the Church of England: from the abolition of the Roman jurisdiction vol. 5 (1902) pp. 75–7 note; [https://archive.org/stream/historyofthechur05dixouoft#page/n109/mode/2up archive.org.] 16. ^1 {{ODNBweb|id=1002|title=Bacon, Nicholas|first=Robert|last=Tittler}} 17. ^Birt, p. 105. 18. ^{{ODNBweb|id=5851|title=Cole, Henry|first=T. F.|last=Mayer}} 19. ^{{ODNBweb|id=13792|title=Horne, Richard|first=Ralph|last=Houlbrooke}} 20. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Leo Frank Solt|title=Church and State in Early Modern England: 1509-1640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a57Ypa5dZBQC&pg=PA70|accessdate=13 November 2012|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505979-3|page=70}} 21. ^{{ODNBweb|id=12840|title=Heath, Nicholas|first=David|last=Loades}} 22. ^{{cite DNB|wstitle=Cave, Ambrose}} 23. ^{{cite DNB|wstitle=Sackville, Richard}} 24. ^{{cite book|author1=Thomas M McCoog, S.J.|author2=Campion Hall (University of Oxford)|title=The Reckoned Expense: Edmund Campion and Early English Jesuits : Essays in Celebration of the First Centenary of Campion Hall, Oxford (1896-1996)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f01RY4H7MfoC&pg=PA121|accessdate=14 November 2012|year=1996|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-0-85115-590-6|page=121}} 7 : 1559 in Christianity|Disputations|History of the Church of England|1559 in England|History of the City of Westminster|16th century in London|Conferences in London |
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