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词条 Type 23 frigate
释义

  1. Development

     Programme costs 

  2. Upgrades and future technologies

     Mid-life refit  Sonar 2087  Artisan 3D radar  Common Anti-Air Modular Missile 

  3. Weapons, countermeasures, capabilities and sensors

  4. Ships

     In fiction 

  5. See also

  6. References

     Bibliography 

  7. External links

{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image = HMS Sutherland (F81) MoD.jpg Ship caption = HMS Sutherland (F81), December 2012
}}{{Infobox ship class overview		Name=Type 23 frigateBuilders=Yarrow Shipbuilders and Swan HunterUK}}
  • {{navy|Chile}}
Class before=* Type 22 frigateClass after=
  • Type 26 frigate
  • Type 31 frigate
Subclasses=Cost=£130M per shipBuilt range=In service range=In commission range=24 November 1987Total ships building=Total ships planned=16Total ships completed=16Total ships cancelled=Total ships active=13 Royal Navy, 3 Chilean NavyTotal ships laid up=Total ships lost=Total ships retired=Total ships preserved=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		 Hide header = Header caption = Ship type = Anti-submarine warfare frigate4,900|t|abbr=on}}[1]133.0|m|ftin|abbr=on}}16.1|m|ftin|abbr=on}} Ship height =7.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} Ship power = Ship propulsion = * CODLAG:
  • 4 × {{convert|1,510|kW|abbr=on|0}} Paxman Valenta 12CM diesel generators
  • 2 × GEC electric motors delivering {{convert|2,980|kW|abbr=on|0}} each
  • 2 × Rolls-Royce Marine Spey SM1C delivering {{convert|19,500|kW|abbr=on|0}}
28|kn|lk=in}} {{small|(HMS Sutherland achieved {{convert|34.4|kn}} during high-speed trials in November 2008)}}7500|nmi|km|lk=in|abbr=on|-3}} at {{convert|15|kn|km/h|abbr=on}} Ship endurance = Ship complement = 185 (accommodation for up to 205) Ship sensors = Ship EW = * UAF-1 ESM or UAT Mod 1
  • Seagnat (no longer in RN service)
  • Type 182 towed torpedo decoy
  • Surface Ship Torpedo Defence
 Ship armament = {{Type 23 frigate weapon fit}} Ship armour = Ship aircraft = * 1 × Lynx HMA8, armed with;
  • 4 × Sea Skua anti ship missiles, or
  • 2 × anti submarine torpedoes
  • or
  • 1 × Westland Merlin HM2, armed with;
  • 4 × anti submarine torpedoes
 Ship aircraft facilities = * Flight deck
  • Enclosed hangar
 Ship notes = Ship boats = 2 × Pacific 24 RIBs
}}

The Type 23 frigate or Duke class is a class of frigates built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The ships are named after British Dukes, thus leading to the class being commonly known as the Duke class. The first Type 23, {{HMS|Norfolk|F230|6}}, was commissioned in 1989, and the sixteenth, {{HMS|St Albans|F83|6}} was commissioned in June 2002. They form the core of the Royal Navy's destroyer and frigate fleet and serve alongside the Type 45 destroyers. Originally designed for anti-submarine warfare in the North Atlantic, the Royal Navy's Type 23 frigates have proven their versatility in warfighting, peacekeeping and maritime security operations around the globe.[2] Thirteen Type 23 frigates remain in service with the Royal Navy, with three vessels having been sold to Chile and handed over to the Chilean Navy.

The Royal Navy's current Type 23 frigates will be replaced by the Type 26 Global Combat Ship starting from 2023, and later the proposed Type 31e frigate.[3] {{Asof|2012}} it is planned that HMS St Albans will be the last to retire from the Royal Navy, in 2036.[4][5]

Development

When first conceived in the late 1970s, the Type 23 was intended to be a light anti-submarine frigate to counter Soviet nuclear submarines operating in the North Atlantic. The Type 23 would be replacing the {{sclass-|Leander|frigate|0}} frigates (which had entered service in the 1960s) and the Type 21 frigate (a general purpose design that recently entered service) as "the backbone of the Royal Navy's surface ship anti-submarine force". Although not intended to replace the Type 22 frigate, reductions in the size of the Navy due to the 1998 Strategic Defence Review led to HMS St Albans replacing {{HMS|Coventry|F98|6}}, a Type 22 frigate.[6]

The ships were intended to carry a towed array sonar to detect Soviet submarines in the North Atlantic and carry a Westland Lynx or EHI Merlin helicopter to attack them.[7] It was initially proposed that the frigates would not mount defensive armament. Instead the Sea Wolf missile system was to be carried by {{sclass-|Fort Victoria|replenishment oiler|1}}s, one of which was to support typically four Type 23s. The Fort-class oilers would also provide servicing facilities for the force's helicopters; the Type 23 would have facilities only for rearming and refuelling them.

As a result of lessons learned from the Falklands War, the design grew in size and complexity to encompass the Vertical Launch Sea Wolf (VLS) system with an extra tracking system as a defence against low-flying aircraft and sea-skimming anti-ship missiles such as Exocet.[7] With the addition of Harpoon surface-to-surface missiles and a medium calibre gun for naval gunfire support, the Type 23 had evolved into a more complex and balanced vessel optimised for general warfare, which introduced a host of new technologies and concepts to the Royal Navy. These included extensive radar cross-section reduction design measures, automation to substantially reduce crew size, a combined diesel-electric and gas (CODLAG) propulsion system providing very quiet running for anti-submarine operations along with excellent range, vertical launch missile technology and a fully distributed combat management system.

The Vertical Launch Sea Wolf surface-to-air missile system was designed for and first deployed on the Type 23. Unlike conventional Sea Wolf, the missile is boosted vertically until it clears the ship's superstructure and then turns to fly directly to the target. Consequently, the ship's structure does not cause no-fire zones that would delay or inhibit missile firing in a conventionally launched system.

Although the Type 23 is officially the "Duke" class, and includes such famous names as HMS Iron Duke (which had been the name of the battleship {{HMS|Iron Duke|1912|6}}, Admiral Jellicoe's flagship at the Battle of Jutland), five of the names had previously been used on classes known as the "County class": Kent and Norfolk were names given both to 1960s guided missile destroyers and Second World War-era County-class heavy cruisers, while Monmouth, Lancaster, Kent and Argyll revived names carried by First World War-era Monmouth-class armoured cruisers. This use of Ducal and County names broke a tradition of alphabetical names for escort ships which had run in two – not unbroken – cycles from the L-class destroyers of 1913 to the {{sclass-|Daring|destroyer|1||1949}}s of 1950; this progression was revived with the Amazon-class Type 21 frigates of 1972–1975, and continued with B and C names for most of the Type 22 frigates of 1976–1989. However, the D names have since been used for the new Type 45 Daring-class destroyers, the first of which entered service in 2009.

It is stated that: "Type 23 frigates achieved approximately 85–89 per cent average availability for operational service in each of the last five years with the exception of 1996 when the figure dropped to just over 80 per cent due to a number of ships experiencing a particular defect. This discounts time spent in planned maintenance."[8]

Unlike the Type 45 destroyer, the "Type 23 frigate does not have the capability or configuration to act as flagship and is not tasked in this way."[9]

Programme costs

Prior to the Falklands War the cost of the Type 23 frigates was estimated at £75 million each (September 1980 prices)[10] Changes following the experiences in the Falklands, including improved damage control and fire precautions,[11] led to an increased cost estimated at £110 million (1984–85 prices)[10]

By 2001, the Ministry of Defence said the cost of {{HMS|Norfolk|F230|6}} was £135.449 million and the remaining ships would have a final cost between £60 million and £96 million each. The Ministry of Defence said in 1998 that the Merlin ASW helicopter was costing them £97M each (this was for an order for 44 airframes), and that this was 57% of the cost of Type 23.[12] From this it can be calculated that the cost of Type 23 was £170.1M each. The Government's declared policy for construction contracts for Type 23 was "...competition, the aim being to secure best value for money for the defence budget." while maintaining "sufficient warship-building capacity to meet likely future defence requirements and a competitive base"[13]

HMS Norfolk was the first of the class to enter service, commissioned into the Fleet on 1 June 1990 at a cost of £135.449 million GBP, later vessels cost £60–96 million GBP.[14]

Upgrades and future technologies

Mid-life refit

The class are currently{{when |date=November 2016}} going through mid-life refits which last 12–18 months and cost £15-20m. Aside from refurbishment of the mess decks and drive train, the ships are being fitted with a transom flap which can add up to {{convert|1|kn|spell=in}} to the top speed[15] and reduce fuel consumption by 13%, and Intersleek anti-fouling paint which added {{convert|2|kn|spell=in}} to the top speed of Ark Royal.[16] Although the top speed of the Duke class is commonly quoted as 28 knots, the caption of an official Navy photo suggests that Lancaster was capable of 32 knots even before her mid-life refit.[17][18] The Sea Wolf Mid Life Update (SWMLU) improves the sensors and guidance of the missiles, point defences are further improved with new remotely operated 30mm guns, and Mod 1 of the Mk8 main gun has an all-electric loading system and a smaller radar cross-section. The communications and command systems are also upgraded.

A further refit is expected, with HMS Argyll being the first to receive this Life Extension (LIFEX) Upkeep. Amongst the upgrades will be the replacement of the Sea Wolf missiles with the new Sea Ceptor anti-air defence missiles;[19] these were first test-fired from HMS Argyll on 4 September 2017.[20]

Sonar 2087

{{further|Sonar 2087}}Sonar 2087 is described by its manufacturer as "a towed-array system that enables Type 23 frigates to hunt the latest submarines at considerable distances and locate them beyond the range at which they [submarines] can launch an attack."[21] Sonar 2087 was fitted to eight Type 23 frigates in mid-life refits between 2004 and 2012; the five oldest Type 23 frigates, HMS Montrose, Monmouth, Iron Duke, Lancaster and Argyll are not scheduled to receive Sonar 2087. These ships will instead continue to be employed across the normal range of standing Royal Navy deployments. The Chilean Navy is procuring a number of Sonar 2087 towed arrays from Thales Underwater Systems to equip its multipurpose frigates.[22]

Artisan 3D radar

{{Main|Type 997 Artisan radar}}

The Type 23's medium-range radar will be replaced by BAE Systems Insyte Type 997 Artisan 3D radar. It is a medium-range radar designed to be extremely modular and highly configurable to provide a cost-effective high-performance radar, capable of operating effectively in littoral zones and improving air-defence, anti-surface (anti-ship) and air traffic management capabilities of the Type 23 frigates. Protection measures are also added to maintain detection ranges even when attacked by complex jammers.[23][24] HMS Iron Duke is the first Type 23 frigate to have received the Type 997 Artisan 3D radar during her refit in 2012–13.[25] It will be fitted to all T23's as well as the assault platforms (LPD) - HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark, the Helicopter Platform (LPH) - HMS Ocean and the two future {{sclass-|Queen Elizabeth|aircraft carrier|2}}s are also planned to be equipped with the same radar. The project was worth £100 million and the contract was announced on 4 August 2008.[26]

HMS Iron Duke received her new Type 997 Artisan 3D radar in 2013. It is claimed the radar is five times more capable than the Type 996 radar it replaces.[27][28]

Common Anti-Air Modular Missile

{{further|CAMM (missile family)}}

CAMM(M), the maritime variant of the Common Anti-Air Modular Missile, is intended to replace the current Sea Wolf missile currently equipped on the Type 23 frigates starting from 2016. CAMM(M) has a longer range of 1–25+ km compared to the 1–10 km offered by the Sea Wolf missile. An option exists to give the missile a surface-attack capability, though it is currently understood the Royal Navy will not take that option, because of cost.[29] Like Sea Wolf, CAMM(M) will be VLS launched; however due to its design, CAMM(M) can be packed much more tightly into the VLS, with up to four CAMM(M) fitting into the space occupied by one Sea Wolf missile.[30] CAMM(M) is known as Sea Ceptor in Royal Navy service.

Weapons, countermeasures, capabilities and sensors

Anti-air warfare
  • A BAE Systems Type 996 Mod 1, 3D surveillance and target indication radar.
  • Two Marconi Electronic Systems Type 911 fire control radars.

A 32-cell Sea Wolf GWS.26 VLS canisters for up to 32:

  • Sea Wolf missiles (range 1–10 km)

The Type 996 Mod 1, 3D surveillance and target indication radar is being replaced on all Type 23 frigates by the more capable Type 997 Artisan 3D radar.

Anti-ship warfare
  • 2× 4 Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers for a total of 8 Harpoon anti-ship missiles.
  • 1× BAE Systems 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun has an anti-ship role.
  • Up to one embarked Westland Lynx helicopter can be equipped with 4× Sea Skua anti-ship missiles.

An embarked helicopter is equipped with its own dipping sonar, sonobuoys and radars.

Anti-submarine warfare
  • A Thales Underwater Systems Type 2050 bow sonar scheduled to be replaced by an Ultra Electronics Type 2150 next generation ASW bow sonar in due course.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
  • An Ultra Electronics Type 2031Z towed sonar on five of the Type 23 frigates - no longer in RN service.
  • A Type 2087 towed sonar on eight of the Type 23 frigates.
  • 2× twin 12.75 in (324 mm) tubes for anti-submarine Sting Ray torpedoes. The tubes are magazine reloaded.
  • Up to one embarked Westland Lynx or one AgustaWestland EH101 helicopter can be equipped with 2-4× anti-submarine Sting Ray torpedoes respectively.
Land-attack
  • 1× BAE Systems 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun has a naval gunfire support (NGS) role.
Guns
  • 1× BAE Systems 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun.
  • 2× 30mm DS30M Mark 2 Automated Small Calibre Guns or 30mm DS30B guns.
  • 2× Miniguns.
  • 4× General-purpose machine guns.
Countermeasures
  • The Seagnat decoy system allows for the seduction and distraction of radar guided weapons, through active and passive means.
  • Type 182 towed torpedo decoys.
  • Type 2070 towed torpedo decoy system.
  • Thales defence Scorpion Electronic Counter Measures/UAF-1 ESM Jammer. Used to confuse or block enemy radar making the Type 23 frigate harder to detect and or locked onto by enemy radar/sonar guided weapons.
Electronic systems
  • Navigation: Kelvin Hughes Radar Type 1007 and Racal Decca Type 1008.
  • fire-control system: Sperry Sea Archer 30 optronic surveillance/director'
  • Combat Management System: BAE Systems Command System DNA(2)'[31]
Additional capabilities
  • The Type 23 frigates have sufficient space to embark a small detachment of Royal Marines and their equipment.

Ships

On 21 July 2004, in the Delivering Security in a Changing World review of defence spending, Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon announced that Norfolk, {{HMS|Marlborough|F233|2}} and {{HMS|Grafton|F80|2}} were to be paid off. In 2005 it was announced that these three vessels would be sold to the Chilean Navy, to be delivered in 2008. In September 2005 BAE Systems was awarded a £134 million GBP contract to prepare the frigates for transfer. ex-Marlborough, ex-Norfolk and ex-Grafton were sold to Chile for a total of £134 million. The letter of intent for purchase was signed in December 2004, followed by a formal contract on 7 September 2005.[32] ex-Norfolk was handed over by the Defence Logistics Organisation and BAE Systems and commissioned into the Chilean Navy on 22 November 2006, and named Almirante Cochrane (FF-05) (after Lord Cochrane, a naval hero to both the British and Chileans). Ex-Grafton was delivered to Chilean Navy on 28 March 2007 at Portsmouth and renamed Almirante Lynch (FF-07). Ex-Marlborough was delivered to Chilean Navy on 28 May 2008 at Portsmouth and renamed Almirante Condell (FF-06).

Name Pennant No. Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Status
{{RN
Norfolk|F230|2}} F230 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 14 December 1985[35][36] 10 July 1987[35][36] 1 June 1990[35][36] To Chile as Almirante Cochrane
Marlborough|F233|2}} F233 Swan Hunter, Wallsend 22 October 1987[35][42] 21 January 1989[35][42] 14 June 1991[35][42] To Chile as Almirante Condell
Argyll|F231|2}} F231 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 20 March 1987[33][34] 8 April 1989[33][34] 31 May 1991[33][34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2023[35]
Lancaster|F229|2}} F229 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 18 December 1987[33][34] 24 May 1990[33][34] 1 May 1992[34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2024[35]
Iron Duke|F234|2}} F234 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 12 December 1988[33][34] 2 March 1991[33][34] 20 May 1993[33][34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2025[35]
Monmouth|F235|2}} F235 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 1 June 1989[33][34] 23 November 1991[33][34] 24 September 1993[33][34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2026[35]
Montrose|F236|2}} F236 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 1 November 1989[33][34] 31 July 1992[33][34] 2 June 1994[34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2027[35]
Westminster|F237|2}} F237 Swan Hunter, Wallsend 18 January 1991[33][34] 4 February 1992[34] 13 May 1994[33][34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2028[35]
Northumberland|F238|2}} F238 Swan Hunter, Wallsend 4 April 1991[33][34] 4 April 1992[33][34] 29 November 1994[34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2029[35]
Richmond|F239|2}} F239 Swan Hunter, Wallsend 16 February 1992[34] 6 April 1993[33][34] 22 June 1995[34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2030[35]
Somerset|F82|2}} F82 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 12 October 1992[33][34] 25 June 1994[33][34] 20 September 1996[34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2031[35]
Grafton|F80|2}} F80 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 13 May 1993[33][36] 5 November 1994[33][36] 29 May 1997[33][36] To Chile as Almirante Lynch
Sutherland|F81|2}} F81 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 14 October 1993[33][34] 9 March 1996[33][34] 4 July 1997[34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2032[35]
Kent|F78|2}} F78 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 16 April 1997[34] 27 May 1998[34] 8 June 2000[34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2033[35]
Portland|F79|2}} F79 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 14 January 1998[34] 15 May 1999[34] 3 May 2001[34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2034[35]
St Albans|F83|2}} F83 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 18 April 1999[34] 6 May 2000[34] 6 June 2002[34] In active service, expected to be decommissioned in 2035[35]
{{navy|Chile
Almirante Cochrane FF05 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 14 December 1985[33][34] 10 July 1987[33][34] 22 November 2006Norfolk|F230}}
Almirante Condell FF06 Swan Hunter, Wallsend 22 October 1987[33][36] 21 January 1989[33][36] 28 May 2008Marlborough|F233}}
Almirante Lynch FF07 Marconi Marine (YSL), Scotstoun 13 May 1993[33][36] 5 November 1994[33][36] 28 March 2007Grafton|F80}}

In fiction

  • {{HMS|Westminster|F237|6}} was used for the Type 23 interior shots in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies in three different roles as HMS Chester, HMS Devonshire and HMS Bedford. For the exterior shots a Type 23 model was constructed.
  • The ITV series Making Waves was set aboard the Type 23 frigate HMS Suffolk (which was portrayed by {{HMS|Grafton|F80|6}}).
  • {{HMS|Montrose|F236|6}} and {{HMS|Monmouth|F235|6}} were used to portray the interior and exterior shots of the fictional HMS Monarch for the film Command Approved[37] which is the centre piece of Action Stations at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, Portsmouth, England.
  • The fictional HMS Beaufort is the centrepiece of British author Mike Lunnon-Wood's novel King's Shilling. In it, HMS Beaufort is tasked to evacuate the British embassy and citizens in the Liberian capital Monrovia during the 1990s civil war.
  • The TNT series The Last Ship featured a Chilean Duke-class frigate in the fourth episode of its fifth season, charging an {{sclass-|Arleigh Burke|destroyer|2}} and landing a hit with one of four Sea Wolf missiles.

See also

  • List of naval ship classes in service
  • Global Combat Ship
  • Type 31 frigate

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/the-equipment/ships/frigates/type-23-frigate |title=Type 23 Frigate |website=Royal Navy |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baesystems.com/Businesses/MISSIONSYSTEMS/ProductsandServices/Programmes/type23/index.htm |title=Mission Systems provides the Royal Navy's Type 23 Frigates with combat management systems and radar |website=BAE Systems |accessdate=25 March 2019 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107024142/http://baesystems.com/Businesses/MISSIONSYSTEMS/ProductsandServices/Programmes/type23/index.htm |archive-date=7 January 2012}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/the-equipment/ships/future-ships/type-26-frigate |title=Royal Navy Future Ships: Type 26 Global Combat Ship |website=Royal Navy |access-date=25 March 2019}}
4. ^{{cite hansard |title=Written Answers to Questions: HMS Argyll |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm120906/text/120906w0001.htm#12090632000047 |house=House of Commons |date=6 September 2012 |column=386W |speaker=Andrew Robathan |position=Minister of State for the Armed Forces}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2012/September/24/120820-Future-Type-26 |title=Navy unveils latest design of future frigate |date=20 August 2012 |website=Royal Navy |access-date=25 March 2019 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014002012/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2012/September/24/120820-Future-Type-26 |archive-date=14 October 2012}}
6. ^{{cite hansard |title=Airborne Early Warning Capability |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000711/text/00711w02.htm |house=House of Commons |date=11 July 2000 |column=449W |speaker=John Spellar |position=Minister of State for the Armed Forces |quote=Question to the Secretary of State for Defence when he planned to withdraw the Type 22 Batch II frigates from service. His answer was:
HMS Sheffield 2012 – to be superseded by a T45 Destroyer
HMS Coventry 2001 – to be superseded by HMS St. Albans, a T23 Frigate.}}
7. ^1 {{Cite news |title=Defence; Where's the cache? |newspaper=The Economist |page=21 |date=10 July 1982 }}
8. ^{{cite hansard |title=Type 23 Frigates |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980210/text/80210w23.htm |house=House of Commons |date=10 February 1998 |column_start=195 |column_end=196 |speaker=John Reid |position=Minister of State for the Armed Forces}}
9. ^{{cite hansard |title=Frigates |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm110317/text/110317w0001.htm |house=House of Commons |date=17 March 2011 |column=511W |speaker=Peter Luff |position=Minister for Defence Procurement}}
10. ^1 {{cite hansard |title=Written Answers: Type 23 Frigates |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1985/jan/11/type-23-frigates |house=House of Commons |date=11 January 1985 |column=561W |speaker=John Lee |position=Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State to the Minister for Defence Procurement}}
11. ^{{cite hansard |title=Defence Estimates |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1983/jul/19/defence-estimates#S6CV0046P0-01139 |house=House of Commons |date=19 July 1983 |column=261 |speaker=Ian Stewart |position=Minister of State for the Armed Forces}}
12. ^{{cite magazine |title=At Hebburn |magazine=Warship World |date=18 February 1998 |publisher=Maritime Books |page=13 |quote=This figure of £97 million each included research and development costs.}}
13. ^{{cite hansard |title=Written Answers: Frigates |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1989/nov/02/frigates |house=House of Commons |date=2 November 1989 |column=334W |speaker=Michael Neubert |position=Under-Secretary of State for the Armed Forces}}
14. ^{{cite hansard |title=Written Answers: Type 23 Frigates |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo010705/text/10705w05.htm |house=House of Commons |date=5 July 2001 |column=246W |speaker=Adam Ingram |position=Minister of State for the Armed Forces}}
15. ^{{cite news |url=http://publishing.yudu.com/Anav2/NavyNewsSept08/resources/6.htm?skipFlashCheck=true |title=A Forth for Good |page=6 |newspaper=Navy News |date=September 2008}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Reference-Library/~/media/Files/Navy-PDFs/News-and-Events/Naval%20Publications/royal_navy_matters2010.pdf |title=The Royal Navy's Fleet |page=52 |newspaper=Royal Navy Matters |year=2010 |publisher=Royal Navy |accessdate=16 October 2011}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceimagery.mod.uk/fotoweb/archives/5046-All%20News%20-%20Stock/Archive/Archive/Royal%20Navy/45139/45139105.jpg |title=Duke class Type 23 Frigate F229 HMS Lancaster steaming at 32 knots |date=12 September 1999 |website=Ministry of Defence Image Database |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Frigates-and-Destroyers/Type-23-Frigates/HMS-Sutherland/Sutherland-Info |title=HMS Sutherland - More About The Ship |website=Royal Navy |accessdate=16 October 2011}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.adsadvance.co.uk/hms-argyll-upkeep-marks-start-of-type-23-life-extension.html |title=HMS Argyll upkeep marks start of Type 23 life extension |date=16 June 2015 |website=ADS Advance |accessdate=3 August 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-scotland-41151136/new-missiles-tested-off-scottish-coast |title=New missiles tested off Scottish coast |date=4 September 2017 |website=BBC News |accessdate=4 September 2017}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2010/07/mil-100713-thales01.htm |title=HMS Sutherland's Sonar Impresses on First Major Test |author=Thales Group |date=13 July 2010 |website=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2006-07-17d.85382.h |title=Written Answers: Type 23 Frigates (Sonar 2087) |date=17 July 2006 |website=TheyWorkForYou |accessdate=3 August 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baesystems.com/Sites/SAS/ProductServices/MaritimeC4I/ArtisanRadar/index.htm |title=Artisan 3D Radar |website=BAE Systems |accessdate=3 August 2016 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211032251/http://www.baesystems.com:80/Sites/SAS/ProductServices/MaritimeC4I/ArtisanRadar/index.htm |archive-date=11 December 2011 |df=dmy-all}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baesystems.com/Sites/SAS/Videos/Artisan/index.htm |title=Artisan 3D Radar |website=BAE Systems |accessdate=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308101644/http://www.baesystems.com/Sites/SAS/Videos/Artisan/index.htm |archive-date=8 March 2011 |dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_111813102928.html |title=New Royal Navy Type 997 radar is put through its paces on the Isle of Wight |date=13 September 2011 |website=BAE Systems |accessdate=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101085635/http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_111813102928.html |archive-date=1 November 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.13459/changeNav/6568 |title=Navy to Get New Radar |date=4 August 2008 |website=Royal Navy |accessdate=25 March 2019 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205195822/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.13459/changeNav/6568 |archive-date=5 February 2009}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theengineer.co.uk/military-and-defence/news/navys-new-type-23-frigate-radar-five-times-more-efficient/1015689.article |title=Navy's new Type 23 frigate radar 'five times more efficient' |date=6 March 2013 |website=The Engineer |accessdate=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904211411/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/military-and-defence/news/navys-new-type-23-frigate-radar-five-times-more-efficient/1015689.article |archive-date=4 September 2014 |dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/iron-duke-back-at-sea-after-major-upgrade-48237/ |title=Iron Duke Back At Sea After Major Upgrade |date=26 June 2013 |website=Defence Talk |access-date=25 March 2019}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/files/CAMM-family_background.pdf |title=Press Information - Common Anti-air Modular Missile |website=MBDA Systems |date=June 2011 |accessdate=16 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811224119/http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/files/CAMM-family_background.pdf |archivedate=11 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3A1718c0a6-bc66-4b43-b2fd-4836fc144228 |first=Bill |last=Sweetman |title=CAMM On Path To Replace Seawolf |date=23 May 2011 |website=Aviation Week |accessdate=16 October 2011}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/05/windows_for_warships_hits_type_23s/ |title=Windows for Warships™ reaches Royal Navy frigates |first=Lewis |last=Page |date=5 January 2009 |website=The Register |accessdate=3 August 2016}}
32. ^{{cite book |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2008–2009 |editor-last=Saunders |editor-first=Stephen |date=2008 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2845-9 |page=111}}
33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 {{cite book |editor-last=Gardiner |editor-first=Robert |date=1995 |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |page=525 |isbn=0-85177-605-1}}
34. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 {{cite book |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2008–2009 |editor-last=Saunders |editor-first=Stephen |date=2008 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2845-9 |page=862}}
35. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite hansard |title=Written question: Type 23 Frigates |url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2016-02-23/28004/ |house=House of Commons |date=1 March 2016 |speaker=Philip Dunne |position=Minister for Defence Procurement}}
36. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2002–2003 |editor-last=Saunders |editor-first=Stephen |date=2002 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=0-7106-2432-8 |page=776}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0234321/ |title=Command Approved |date=1 January 2000 |website=IMDb |accessdate=3 August 2016}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Warships, From World War Two to the Present Day |editor-last=Jackson |editor-first=Robert |date=2006 |location=San Diego, CA |publisher=Thunder Bay Press |isbn=978-1-59223-627-5}}

External links

{{Commons|Type 23 frigate}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/the-equipment/ships/frigates/type-23-frigate |title=Type 23 Frigate |website=Royal Navy}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.armedforces.co.uk/navy/listings/l0016.html |title=Type 23 Duke Class Frigate |website=Armedforces.co.uk}}
{{Type_23 frigate}}{{Royal Navy ships}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Type 23 Frigate}}

3 : Frigate classes|Type 23 frigates|Active frigates of the United Kingdom
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