| 词条 | Type XIV submarine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Type XIV U-boat was a modification of the Type IXD, designed to resupply other U-boats, being the only Submarine tenders built which were not surface ships. They were nicknamed "Milchkuh/Milchkühe (pl.)" (milk cows). Due to its large size, the Type XIV could resupply other boats with {{convert|613|t|LT|abbr=on}} of fuel, {{convert|13|t|LT|abbr=on}} of motor oil, four torpedoes,{{sfn|Neistlé|2014|p=168}} and fresh food that was preserved in refrigerator units. In addition, the boats were equipped with bakeries, in order to provide the luxury of fresh bread for crews being resupplied. They had no torpedo tubes or deck guns, only anti-aircraft guns.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=79}} In 1942, the milk cows allowed the smaller Type VIIC boats to raid the American coast during the "Second Happy Time" of the Battle of the Atlantic. The milk cows were priority targets for Allied forces, as sinking one milk cow would effectively curtail the operations of several regular U-boats and force them to return home for supplies. Ultra intercepts provided information concerning sailing and routing, and this, coupled with improved Allied radar and air coverage in the North Atlantic, eliminated most of them during 1943. By the end of the war all ten had been sunk. Milk cow duty was especially hazardous; 289 sailors were killed out of an estimated complement of 530–576 men. DesignGerman Type XIV submarines were shortened versions of the Type IXDs. The boats had a displacement of {{convert|1688|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|1932|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=79}} The U-boats had a total length of {{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|48.51|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|9.35|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|11.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|6.51|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarines were powered by two Germaniawerft supercharged four-stroke, six-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of {{convert|2800|-|3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/38-8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while submerged. They had two shafts and two propellers. The boats were capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|240|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=79}} The submarines had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|14.4|-|14.9|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|6.2|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=79}} When submerged, the boats could operate for {{convert|120|nmi}} at {{convert|2|kn}}; when surfaced, they could travel {{convert|12350|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. The boats were not fitted with torpedo tubes or deck guns, but had two {{convert|3.7|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} SK C/30 anti-aircraft guns with 2500 rounds as well as a {{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30 gun with 3000 rounds. The boats had a complement of fifty-three.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=79}} List of Type XIV submarinesTen boats of this type were commissioned:{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=79}}
Fourteen planned Type XIVs were cancelled. Three of them (U-491, U-492, U-493) were about 75% complete when work was stopped in 1944. The other eleven boats had not been laid down when they were cancelled on 27 May 1944. On that same day Karl Dönitz stopped construction on the Type XX U-boats, large transport boats that would not have been ready until mid-1945.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=79}} CitationsBibliography
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and mine warfare vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=harv }}
|last=Neistlé |first=Axel |author-link= |year=2014 |title=German U-Boat Losses during World War II: Details of Destruction. |others= |edition=2 |location=Havertown |publisher=Frontline Books |publication-date=30 June 2014 |ref=harv }} External links
|url=http://uboat.net/types/milkcows.htm |title= The Milkcows |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate= 20 April 2015 }}
|url=http://uboat.net/types/xiv.htm |title= Type XIV Milch Cows (supply boats) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate= 20 April 2015 }}
4 : German Type XIV submarines|Submarine classes|World War II submarines of Germany|Auxiliary depot ship classes |
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