“White Ware”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

White Ware or "Vaisselle Blanche", effectively a form of limestone plaster used to make vessels, is the first precursor to clay pottery developed in the Levant that appeared in the 9th millennium BC, during the pre-pottery (aceramic) neolithic period.^[1]^[2]^[3] It is not to be confused with "whiteware", which is both a term in the modern ceramic industry for most finer types of pottery for tableware and similar uses, and a term for specific historical types of earthenware made with clays giving an off-white body when fired.

History

White Ware was commonly found in PPNB archaeological sites in Syria such as Tell Aswad, Tell Abu Hureyra, Bouqras and El Kowm.^[1] Similar sherds were excaveated at Ain Ghazal in northern Jordan.^[4]^[5] White pozzolanic ware from Tell Ramad and Ras Shamra is considered to be a local imitation of these limestone vessels.^[6] It was also evident in the earliest neolithic periods of Byblos, Hashbai, Labweh, Tell Jisr and Tell Neba'a Faour in the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon.^[7] It has been noted that this type of pottery was more prevalent and dated earlier in the Beqaa than at Byblos.^[8] A mixed form was found at Byblos where the clay was coated in a limestone slip, in both plain and shell combed finishes.^[6] The similarities of White Ware and overlapping time periods with later clay firing methods have suggested that Dark Faced Burnished Ware, the first real pottery, came as a development from this limestone prototype.^[9]^[9]

Manufacturing

This crumbly form of proto-pottery was manufactured by pulverizing limestone, then heating it to a temperature in excess of 1000 °C. This reduced it to lime which could be mixed with ashes, straw or gravel and made into a white or grey lime plaster.^[10] The plaster was initially so soft that it could be moulded, before hardening through air drying into a rigid cement. The plaster was formed into vessels by coiling to serve some of the functions of later clay pottery. White Ware vessels tended to be rather large and coarse, often found in the dwelling rooms where they were made indicating their use for stationary storage of dry goods.^[11] Designs included a range of large and heavy rectangular tubs, circular vessels and smaller bowls, cups and jars.^[12] Imprints of basketry on the exterior of some vessels suggest that some were shaped into large basket shapes.^[13] It is likely these larger vessels were mainly used for dry goods storage.^[1]^[2] Some of the White Ware vessels found were decorated with incisions and thick stripes of red ochre.^[12]^[14] Other uses of this material included plastering of skulls and as a floor or wall covering.^[15] Some lime plaster floors were also painted red, and a few were found with designs imprinted on them.^[16]

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{cite book|author1=William K. Barnett|author2=John W. Hoopes|title=The emergence of pottery: technology and innovation in ancient societies, p. 45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSOcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1995|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn=978-1-56098-516-7}}
2. ^¹{{cite book|author1=Peter M. M. G. Akkermans|author2=Glenn M. Schwartz|title=The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 16,000-300 BC)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4oqvpAHDEoC&pg=PA81|accessdate=7 April 2011|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79666-8|pages=81–}}
3. ^Contenson, Henri and Courtois L., A propos des vases en chaux. Recherches sur leur fabrication et leur origine, Paléorient 5, 1979, p. 177-182.
4. ^{{cite book|author=Adnan Hadidi|title=Studies in the history and archaeology of Jordan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA34|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1982|publisher=Department of Antiquities|isbn=978-0-7102-1372-3|pages=34–}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Dominique de Moulins|title=Agricultural changes at Euphrates and steppe sites in the mid-8th to the 6th millennium B.C. p. 20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80q6AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=7 April 2011|year=1997|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|isbn=978-0-86054-922-2}}
6. ^¹{{cite book|title=the earliest settlements in western asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bkk4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22|accessdate=8 April 2011|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=22–|id=GGKEY:CKYF53UUXH7}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=Francis Hours|title=Atlas des sites du proche orient (14000-5700 BP)pp. 126, 221, 329|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlZtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1994|publisher=Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen|isbn=978-2-903264-53-6}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Moore|first=A.M.T.|title=The Neolithic of the Levant|publisher=Oxford University, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis|year=1978|pages=346–349 & 436–442|url=http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/151.html}}
9. ^¹{{cite book|author=Association for Field Archaeology|title=Journal of field archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwryAGAERgcC|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1991|publisher=Boston University.}}
10. ^{{cite book|author=Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab|title=Historisk-filosofiske skrifter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVY_AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1972|publisher=E. Munksgaard.|isbn=978-87-7304-006-5}}
11. ^{{cite book|author1=William K. Barnett|author2=John W. Hoopes|title=The emergence of pottery: technology and innovation in ancient societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSOcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1995|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn=978-1-56098-516-7}}
12. ^¹{{cite book|author1=Olivier Aurenche|author2=Stefan Karol Kozłowski|title=La naissance du Néolithique au Proche Orient, ou, Le paradis perdu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izt6AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1999|publisher=Errance|isbn=978-2-87772-176-9}}
13. ^{{cite book|author=Merryn Dineley|title=Barley, malt and ale in the neolithic p. 22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GChmAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 April 2011|year=2004|publisher=Archaeopress|isbn=978-1-84171-352-6}}
14. ^{{cite book|author1=Peter M. M. G. Akkermans|author2=Glenn M. Schwartz|title=The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 16,000-300 BC)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4oqvpAHDEoC&pg=PA109|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79666-8|pages=109–}}
15. ^{{cite book|author=Ḥevrah la-ḥaḳirat Erets-Yiśraʼel ṿe-ʻatiḳoteha|title=Biblical archaeology today, 1990: proceedings of the Second International Congress on Biblical Archaeology : Pre-Congress symposium, Population, production and power, Jerusalem, June 1990, supplement, p. 34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbTYAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1993|publisher=Israel Exploration Society|isbn=978-965-221-023-4}}
16. ^{{cite book|author1=Prehistoric Society (London|author2=England)|author3=University of Cambridge. University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology|title=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society for ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOAhAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1975|publisher=University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology}}