| 词条 | Wikidata |
| 释义 |
| logo = Wikidata-logo-en.svg | screenshot = Wikidata.png | caption = Main page of Wikidata | url = {{Official URL}} {{Wd|references|linked|P407}} | commercial = No | type = {{hlist|class=nowrap |Knowledge base |Wiki}} | registration = Optional | language = {{Wd|properties|linked|references|linked|P407}} | owner = {{Wd|properties|linked|references|linked|P137}} | author = {{Wd|properties|linked|references|linked|P50}} | alexa = {{nowrap|{{DecreasePositive}} 9,195 {{smaller|({{as of|2019|02|04|alt=February 2019}})}}[1]}} | name = Wikidata | location = | launch date = {{start date and age|2012|10|29|df=y}}{{Wd|references|P571}} }}Wikidata is a collaboratively edited knowledge base hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a common source of open data that Wikimedia projects such as Wikipedia can use,[2][2] and anyone else, under a public domain license. This is similar to the way Wikimedia Commons provides storage for media files and access to those files for all Wikimedia projects, and which are also freely available for reuse. Wikidata is powered by the software Wikibase.[3] Concepts{{multiple image| align = right | direction = vertical | header = Screenshots | width = 190 | caption_align = left | image1 = Wikidata statements Mars.png | width1 = | alt1 = Wikidata screenshot | caption1 = Three statements from Wikidata's item on the planet Mars. Values include links to other items and to Wikimedia Commons. | image2 = Wikidata layout Phase I.png | width2 = | alt2 = Wikidata screenshot | caption2 = A layout of the four main components of a phase-1 Wikidata page: the label, description, aliases and interlanguage links. | image3 = Interlanguage links prior to Wikidata.png | width3 = | alt3 = Wikipedia screenshot | caption3 = A Wikipedia article's list of interlanguage links as they appeared in an edit box (left) and on the article's page (right) prior to Wikidata. Each link in these lists is to an article that requires its own list of interlanguage links to the other articles; this is the information centralized by Wikidata. | image4 = Interlanguage links provided by WikiData.png | width4 = | alt4 = Wikidata screenshot | caption4 = The "Edit links" link takes the reader to Wikidata to edit interlanguage links. }} ItemsWikidata is a document-oriented database, focused on items, which represent topics, concepts, or objects. Examples of items include {{Wikidata entity link|Q8470}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q316}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q303}}, and {{Wikidata entity link|Q36611}}. Each item is identified by a unique number, prefixed with the letter Q, known as a "QID". This enables the basic information required to identify the topic the item covers to be translated without favouring any language. Item labels need not be unique. For example, there are two items named "Elvis Presley": {{Wikidata entity link|Q303}} represents the American singer and actor, and {{Wikidata entity link|Q610926}} represents his self-titled album. Fundamentally, an item consists of a label, a description, and some number of statements. StatementsStatements are how any information known about an item is recorded in Wikidata. Formally, they consist of key-value pairs, which match a property (such as "author", or "publication date") with one or more values (such as "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle" or "1902"). For example, the informal English statement "milk is white" would be encoded by a statement pairing the property {{Wikidata entity link|P462}} with the value {{Wikidata entity link|Q23444}} under the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q8495}}. Statements may map a property to more than one value. For example, the "occupation" property for Marie Curie could be linked with the values "physicist" and "chemist", to reflect the fact that she engaged in both occupations.[4] Values may take on many types including other Wikidata items, strings, numbers, or media files. Properties prescribe what types of values they may be paired with. For example, the property {{Wikidata entity link|P856}} may only be paired with values of type "URL".[5] Properties may also define more complex rules about their intended usage, termed constraints. For example, the {{Wikidata entity link|P36}} property includes a "single value constraint", reflecting the reality that (typically) territories have only one capital city. Constraints are treated as hints rather than inviolable rules.[6] Optionally, qualifiers can be used to refine the meaning of a statement by providing additional information that applies to the scope of the statement. For example, the property "population" could be modified with a qualifier such as "as of 2011". Statements may also be annotated with references, pointing to a source backing up the statement's content.[7] LexemesIn linguistics, a lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning. Similarly, Wikidata's lexemes are items with a structure that makes them more suitable to store lexicographical data. Besides of storing the language to which the lexeme refers, they have a section for forms and a section for senses.[8] Development historyThe creation of the project was funded by donations from the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and Google, Inc., totaling €1.3 million.[9][10] The development of the project is mainly driven by Wikimedia Deutschland and was originally split into three phases:[11]
Initial rolloutWikidata was launched on 29 October 2012 and was the first new project of the Wikimedia Foundation since 2006.[12][13][14] At this time, only the centralization of language links was available. This enabled items to be created and filled with basic information: a label – a name or title, aliases – alternative terms for the label, a description, and links to articles about the topic in all the various language editions of Wikipedia. Historically, a Wikipedia article would include a list of interlanguage links, being links to articles on the same topic in other editions of Wikipedia, if they existed. Initially, Wikidata was a self-contained repository of interlanguage links. Wikipedia language editions were still not able to access Wikidata, so they needed to continue to maintain their own lists of interlanguage links. On 14 January 2013, the Hungarian Wikipedia became the first to enable the provision of interlanguage links via Wikidata.[15] This functionality was extended to the Hebrew and Italian Wikipedias on 30 January, to the English Wikipedia on 13 February and to all other Wikipedias on 6 March.[16][17][18][19] After no consensus was reached over a proposal to restrict the removal of language links from the English Wikipedia,[20] the power to delete them from the English Wikipedia was granted to automatic editors (bots). On 23 September 2013, interlanguage links went live on Wikimedia Commons.[21] Statements and data accessOn 4 February 2013 statements were introduced to Wikidata entries. The possible values for properties were initially limited to two data types (items and images on Wikimedia Commons), with more data types (such as coordinates and dates) to follow later. The first new type, string, was deployed on 6 March.[22] The ability for the various language editions of Wikipedia to access data from Wikidata was rolled out progressively between 27 March and 25 April 2013.[23][24] On 16 September 2015, Wikidata began allowing so-called arbitrary access, or access from a given Wikidata item to the properties of items not directly connected to it. For example, it became possible to read data about Germany from the Berlin article, which was not feasible before.[25] On 27 April 2016 arbitrary access was activated on Wikimedia Commons.[26] Query serviceOn 7 September 2015, the Wikimedia Foundation announced the release of the Wikidata Query Service,[27] which lets users run queries on the data contained in Wikidata.[28] The service uses SPARQL as the query language. As of November 2018, there are at least 26 different tools that allow to query the data in different ways.[29] ReceptionIn November 2014, Wikidata received the Open Data Publisher Award from the Open Data Institute “for sheer scale, and built-in openness”.[30] As of November 2018, Wikidata information is used in 58.4% of all English Wikipedia articles, mostly for external identifiers or coordinate locations. In aggregate, data from Wikidata is shown in 64% of all Wikipedias' pages, 93% of all Wikivoyage articles, 34% of all Wikiquotes', 32% of all Wikisources', and 27% of Wikimedia Commons'. Usage in other Wikimedia Foundation projects is testimonial.[31] As of November 2018, Wikidata's data is visualized by at least 20 other external tools[32] and at least 100 papers have been published about Wikidata.[33] Its importance has been recognized by numerous cultural institutions.[34] LogoThe bars on the logo contain the word "WIKI" encoded in Morse code.[35] See also{{Portal|Internet}}
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Wikidata.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors - Alexa |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikidata.org |website=www.alexa.com |accessdate=4 February 2019 |language=en}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wikimedia.de/wiki/Pressemitteilungen/PM_3_12_Wikidata_EN |title=Data Revolution for Wikipedia |date=March 30, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |accessdate=September 11, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AbXpDAbW |archivedate=September 11, 2012 |deadurl=no}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://wikiba.se|title=Wikibase — Home|publisher=}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements|title=Help:Statements}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Data_type|title=Help:Data type}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Property_constraints_portal|title=Help:Property constraints portal}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources|title=Help:Sources}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Lexicographical_data/Documentation|title=Wikidata - Lexicographical data documentation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 9. ^{{cite news |title=Paul Allen Invests In A Massive Project To Make Wikipedia Better |first=Boonsri |last=Dickinson |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/paul-allen-invests-in-wikidata-project-2012-3?IR=T |newspaper=Business Insider |date=March 30, 2012 |accessdate=September 11, 2012 }} 10. ^{{cite news |title=Wikipedia’s Next Big Thing: Wikidata, A Machine-Readable, User-Editable Database Funded By Google, Paul Allen And Others |first=Sarah |last=Perez |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/wikipedias-next-big-thing-wikidata-a-machine-readable-user-editable-database-funded-by-google-paul-allen-and-others/ |newspaper=TechCrunch |date=March 30, 2012 |accessdate=September 11, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AbXqmANO |archivedate=September 11, 2012 |deadurl=no}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikidata|title=Wikidata - Meta|publisher=}} 12. ^1 Wikidata ({{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BnYRmONz?url=http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page |date=October 30, 2012 }}) 13. ^{{cite mailing list |url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-l/2012-October/001151.html |title=wikidata.org is live (with some caveats) |date=October 30, 2012 |accessdate=November 3, 2012 |mailinglist=wikidata-l |last=Pintscher |first=Lydia}} 14. ^{{cite news |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |first=Matthew |last=Roth |url=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |date=March 30, 2012 |accessdate=September 11, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AbXpnJB6 |archivedate=September 11, 2012 |deadurl=no}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/01/14/first-steps-of-wikidata-in-the-hungarian-wikipedia/ |title=First steps of Wikidata in the Hungarian Wikipedia |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |date=14 January 2013 |accessdate=17 December 2015 |author=Pintscher, Lydia}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/01/30/wikidata-coming-to-the-next-two-wikipedias/ |title=Wikidata coming to the next two Wikipedias |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |accessdate=January 31, 2013 |author=Pintscher, Lydia}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/ |title=Wikidata live on the English Wikipedia |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |date=13 February 2013 |accessdate=15 February 2013 |author=Pintscher, Lydia}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/03/06/wikidata-now-live-on-all-wikipedias/ |title=Wikidata now live on all Wikipedias |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |date=6 March 2013 |accessdate=8 March 2013 |author=Pintscher, Lydia}} 19. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.golem.de/news/onlineenzyklopaedie-wikidata-ist-fuer-alle-wikipedien-da-1304-98941.html |title=Wikidata ist für alle Wikipedien da |publisher=Golem.de |language=German|accessdate=29 January 2014}} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Wikidata_interwiki_RFC&oldid=547663432 |title=Wikipedia talk:Wikidata interwiki RFC |date=March 29, 2013 |accessdate=March 30, 2013}} 21. ^{{cite news|last1=Pintscher|first1=Lydia|title=Wikidata is Here!|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2013/10#Wikidata_is_here.21|publisher=Commons:Village pump|date=23 September 2013}} 22. ^{{cite web|last=Pintscher|first=Lydia|title=Wikidata/Status updates/2013 03 01|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikidata/Status_updates/2013_03_01|work=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=3 March 2013}} 23. ^{{cite web |last=Pintscher |first=Lydia |title=You can have all the data! |url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/03/27/you-can-have-all-the-data/ |publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland |date=27 March 2013 |accessdate=28 March 2013}} 24. ^{{cite news |title=Wikidata goes live worldwide |publisher=The H |author= |url=http://h-online.com/-1849479 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101031329/http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Wikidata-goes-live-worldwide-1849479.html | archivedate=3 January 2014 | date=2013-04-25 }} 25. ^{{cite news|last1=Lydia|first1=Pintscher|title=Wikidata: Access to data from arbitrary items is here|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)/Archive_140#Wikidata:_Access_to_data_from_arbitrary_items_is_here|accessdate=30 August 2016|date=16 September 2015|publisher=Village pump (technical)}} 26. ^{{cite news|last1=Lydia|first1=Pintscher|title=Wikidata support: arbitrary access is here|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2016/05#Wikidata_support:_arbitrary_access_is_here|accessdate=30 August 2016|date=27 April 2016|publisher=Commons:Village pump}} 27. ^https://query.wikidata.org/ 28. ^{{cite web|url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007042.html|title=Announcing the release of the Wikidata Query Service|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Tools/Query_data|title=Wikidata Query Data tools|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://theodi.org/news/first-odi-open-data-awards-presented-by-sir-tim-berners-lee-and-sir-nigel-shadbolt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324003214/http://theodi.org/news/first-odi-open-data-awards-presented-by-sir-tim-berners-lee-and-sir-nigel-shadbolt|archivedate=2016-03-24|title=First ODI Open Data Awards presented by Sirs Tim Berners-Lee and Nigel Shadbolt|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://wdcm.wmflabs.org/WD_percentUsageDashboard/|title=Percentage of articles making use of data from Wikidata|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Tools/Visualize_data|title=Wikidata Tools - Visualize data|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/topic/Q2013|title=Scholia - Wikidata|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=https://pro.europeana.eu/post/trip-report-international-semantic-web-conference-2018|title=International Semantic Web Conference 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 35. ^File talk:Wikidata-logo-en.svg#Hybrid. Retrieved 2016-10-06. Further reading
External links{{Commonscat}}
8 : Advertising-free websites|Articles containing video clips|Computer-related introductions in 2012|Creative Commons-licensed websites|Internet properties established in 2012|Knowledge bases|Online databases|Wikimedia projects |
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