| 词条 | Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan |
| 释义 |
|official_name = Türkmenbaşy |native_name = Түркменбашы |image_skyline = Turkmenbashi3.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Türkmenbaşy |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Turkmenistan |pushpin_label_position =right |pushpin_mapsize = 250 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Turkmenistan |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Turkmenistan}} |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Balkan |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |established_title = |established_date = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of=2010 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 73 000 |population_urban = |population_metro = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_km2 = |timezone = UTC+5 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|40|01|00|N|52|58|00|E|region:TM|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m = 27 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = 745000 |area_code = 993 243 XXXXX |website = |footnotes = | named_for = Saparmurat Niyazov }} Türkmenbaşy (Turkmen Cyrillic: Түркменбашы, Turkmen Arabic; ترکمنباشی, also spelled Turkmenbashi, Түркменбаши), formerly known as Krasnovodsk ({{lang-ru|Красноводск}}) and Kyzyl-Su, is a city in Balkan Region in Turkmenistan, on the Krasnovodsk Gulf of the Caspian Sea. It sits at an elevation of {{convert|27|m|0|abbr=off}}.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The population (est 2004) was 86,800, mostly ethnic Russians, Armenians and Azeris. As the terminus of the Trans-Caspian Railway, it was an important transportation center. {{TOC limit|2}}HistoryIn 1717, Russian Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky landed and established a secret fortified settlement on this location, where the dry bed of a former mouth of the Amu-Darya River once emptied into the Caspian Sea. His intent was to march an army up this dry riverbed and conquer the Khanate of Khiva. The expedition failed, and the Russians abandoned the settlement for over 150 years. KrasnovodskIn 1869, the Russians invaded a second time. Having captured it, they named their fort Krasnovodsk (Красноводск), which is the Russian version of the original name, Kyzyl-Su (Red Water). The fort, Krasnovodsk, served as Imperial Russia's base of operations against Khiva and Bukhara, and the nomadic Turkmen tribes. The railway had originally begun from Uzun-Ada on the Caspian Sea, but the terminus was shifted north to the harbour at Krasnovodsk.[1] It fell to the Red Army in February, 1920. On November 21, 1939 was formed Krasnovodsk Oblast with the administrative center in Krasnovodsk. The oblast was repeatedly liquidated and restored (January 23, 1947 liquidated; April 4, 1952 restored; December 9, 1955 liquidated; December 27, 1973 restored; August 25, 1988 eliminated). TürkmenbaşyJanuary 10, 1991 in the former Krasnovodsk region formed Balkan Region (May 18, 1992 - velayat) with the center in Balkanabat. In 1993, Krasnovodsk was renamed by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov, after his self-proclaimed title Türkmenbaşy ("Leader of all Turkmen"). Second President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow pledged, in July 2007, to invest one billion dollars into a project slated to turn Türkmenbaşy into a major tourist resort – the center of the Awaza tourist zone with 60 modern hotels to be built along a {{convert|16|km|0|abbr=on}} stretch of the Caspian Sea shoreline.[2][3] The Türkmenbaşy city has two modern hotels - Türkmenbashi Hotel and Charlak Hotel and old soviet Hazar Hotel. In recent years, the city made large-scale reconstruction historic district, entrance roads, vital infrastructure.[4] A new Turkish Park and the cascade of fountains.[5] By the end of 2012 Magtymguly Avenue had been completely renovated, the new route merged with the city's waterfront Bahry Hazar, providing the west motorway junction Balykçy double out of the city along the dike, paved across the Soymonov bay speed motorway Turkmenbashi Airport—Awaza.[6] In 2014, the Oilworkers Palace of Culture, which was built in 1951, was renovated.[7] The city housed the State Service of Maritime and River Transport of Turkmenistan, part of the Government of Turkmenistan.[8] Administrative divisionsIn July 2013 as part of the city of Turkmenbashi was created two etraps - Avaza Etrap and Kenar Etrap.[9] In Avaza Etrap, an area of 9660 hectares and includes the national tourist zone Awaza, Turkmenbashi International Airport and a few small towns. In Kenar Etrap, an area of 7262 hectares, entered the main part of the city of Turkmenbashi and the territory of the village of Kenar.[10] GeographyClimateTürkmenbaşy has a cold desert climate (BWk, according to the Köppen climate classification), with hot summers and chilly winters. The average temperatures are 3 °C in January and 28 °C in July. The average annual precipitation is {{convert|125|mm|0|abbr=on}}. {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Türkmenbaşy (1981–2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 20.7 |Feb record high C = 23.3 |Mar record high C = 29.0 |Apr record high C = 36.0 |May record high C = 40.7 |Jun record high C = 43.3 |Jul record high C = 44.7 |Aug record high C = 44.5 |Sep record high C = 43.5 |Oct record high C = 33.4 |Nov record high C = 28.1 |Dec record high C = 24.6 |year record high C = 44.7 |Jan high C = 7.5 |Feb high C = 8.7 |Mar high C = 13.1 |Apr high C = 19.9 |May high C = 25.8 |Jun high C = 31.6 |Jul high C = 34.6 |Aug high C = 34.5 |Sep high C = 29.3 |Oct high C = 21.5 |Nov high C = 14.2 |Dec high C = 9.1 |year high C = 20.8 |Jan mean C = 3.3 |Feb mean C = 3.9 |Mar mean C = 7.7 |Apr mean C = 13.7 |May mean C = 19.5 |Jun mean C = 25.1 |Jul mean C = 28.2 |Aug mean C = 28.0 |Sep mean C = 22.7 |Oct mean C = 15.4 |Nov mean C = 9.3 |Dec mean C = 4.9 |year mean C = 15.1 |Jan low C = -0.3 |Feb low C = -0.2 |Mar low C = 3.2 |Apr low C = 8.5 |May low C = 13.6 |Jun low C = 18.9 |Jul low C = 22.2 |Aug low C = 22.0 |Sep low C = 16.7 |Oct low C = 10.0 |Nov low C = 5.0 |Dec low C = 1.2 |year low C = 10.1 |Jan record low C = -21.5 |Feb record low C = -21.9 |Mar record low C = -12.6 |Apr record low C = -2.6 |May record low C = 0.9 |Jun record low C = 6.6 |Jul record low C = 14.1 |Aug record low C = 10.2 |Sep record low C = 3.3 |Oct record low C = -3.1 |Nov record low C = -12.1 |Dec record low C = -16.3 |year record low C = -21.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 12 |Feb precipitation mm = 13 |Mar precipitation mm = 17 |Apr precipitation mm = 16 |May precipitation mm = 9 |Jun precipitation mm = 3 |Jul precipitation mm = 2 |Aug precipitation mm = 5 |Sep precipitation mm = 5 |Oct precipitation mm = 11 |Nov precipitation mm = 19 |Dec precipitation mm = 14 |year precipitation mm = 126 |Jan humidity = 76 |Feb humidity = 72 |Mar humidity = 68 |Apr humidity = 63 |May humidity = 56 |Jun humidity = 50 |Jul humidity = 49 |Aug humidity = 44 |Sep humidity = 46 |Oct humidity = 58 |Nov humidity = 72 |Dec humidity = 75 |year humidity = 61 | Jan rain days = 8 | Feb rain days = 7 | Mar rain days = 8 | Apr rain days = 8 | May rain days = 6 | Jun rain days = 3 | Jul rain days = 2 | Aug rain days = 3 | Sep rain days = 3 | Oct rain days = 6 | Nov rain days = 8 | Dec rain days = 8 |year rain days = 70 |Jan snow days = 4 |Feb snow days = 4 |Mar snow days = 1 |Apr snow days = 0.1 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0 |Nov snow days = 0 |Dec snow days = 2 |year snow days = 11 |Jan sun = 136.6 |Feb sun = 139.0 |Mar sun = 172.6 |Apr sun = 227.0 |May sun = 303.2 |Jun sun = 347.0 |Jul sun = 344.0 |Aug sun = 330.2 |Sep sun = 294.1 |Oct sun = 228.8 |Nov sun = 161.9 |Dec sun = 124.0 |year sun = 2808.4 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net [11] |source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[12] |date=November 2012 }} EconomyWestern Turkmenistan has major petroleum and natural gas reserves, and Turkmenistan's largest oil refinery is in Türkmenbaşy. Sights
ReligionRussian Orthodox ChurchThe Church of St. Michael the Archangel is a gift of the Astrakhan diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.[13] In 1895 it was moved to Krasnovodsk from a flooded peninsula Uzun Ada by Russian soldiers.[14] Armenian Apostolic ChurchThe church was built in 1903. Currently it does not function and needs a major renovation.[15] SportThe city has a Şagadam Stadium which is based on the professional football club Şagadam FK.[16] CellularThe city has two mobile operators : Altyn Asyr, which was implemented in 2007, and which has a 4G technology network with LTE since 2010. The 4G network covers all areas of the city and the Turkmenbashi International Airport. There is also cooperation with the Russian mobile operator MTS Turkmenistan.[17] TransportThe city is important as transport junction, formed by sea port with ferry terminal, airport and railway station.[18] It runs through the city M37 highway linking Garabogaz, Ashgabat and Bukhara. Türkmenbaşy is Turkmenistan's only port and sea link to the West. A ferry service connects Türkmenbaşy to Baku, Azerbaijan, which is about 260 kilometers across the Caspian Sea. It is the western terminus of the Trans-Caspian railway, which connects the city to Turkmenistan's capital Ashgabat and points further east, Turkmenbashi railway station was built in 1895. The city is also connected to Ashgabat by bus. Turkmenbashi International AirportInitially Turkmenbashi Airport in 1940 was located at the bottom of the plateau, near Krasnovodsk hospital. During World War II he was transferred to the top plateaus and the airfield was co-location with the Soviet Air Force. As an independent unit exists since 1959, after the creation of the 225th separate united air-squadron. In 2010 Turkmenbashi airport was reconstructed and gained international status. It has two runways.[19] Turkmenistan Airlines provides direct flights from Turkmenbashi Airport to Ashgabat, Daşoguz, Mary, Istanbul and Türkmenabat. To the airport from the city can be reached by car or bus. Time to town by car takes 10–15 minutes. International relationsConsulatesTwo consulates general are found in Türkmenbaşy.
Twin towns – Sister cities
See also
References{{ref expand|date=March 2017}}1. ^https://books.google.com/books?id=D6Q6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA317#v=onepage&q&f=false 2. ^{{cite news | title=Turkmenistan starts tourist drive | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6911661.stm | publisher=BBC News | date=2007-07-23 | accessdate=2007-07-23}} 3. ^Avaza Tourist Zone around Turkmenbashi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606091406/http://www.tourism-sport.gov.tm/articles/avaza.html |date=2011-06-06 }} 4. ^ 5. ^ 6. ^ 7. ^ 8. ^ 9. ^ 10. ^ 11. ^{{cite web| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161206182208/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38507.htm| archivedate = December 6, 2016| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38507.htm| title = Weather and Climate- The Climate of Turkmenbashi| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)| language = Russian| accessdate = December 6, 2016}} 12. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/TX/38507.TXT| title = Turkmenbashy Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = April 1, 2015}} 13. ^ 14. ^ 15. ^ 16. ^ 17. ^ 18. ^ 19. ^ 20. ^ 21. ^{{cite web|title=Sadraudzības pilsētas|url=http://www.jurmala.lv/page/21|work=jurmala.lv|accessdate=26 April 2014}} {{link language|lv}} {{link language|en}} External links{{Commons category|Turkmenbashi|Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan}}{{wikivoyage|Turkmenbashi}}
7 : Populated places in Balkan Province|Transcaspian Oblast|Populated places on the Caspian Sea|Populated places established in 1869|Populated coastal places in Turkmenistan|1869 establishments in the Russian Empire|Port cities and towns of the Caspian Sea |
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