| 词条 | Tết | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|holiday_name = Vietnamese New Year |type = Asian festival |image = File:Thương_xá_TAX,_Tết_2012.JPG |imagesize = 300px |caption = Tết at the Saigon Tax Trade Center (2012) |official_name = Tết Nguyên Đán |nickname = Tết Lunar New Year (as a collective term including other Asian Lunar New Year festivals, used outside of Asia.) |observedby = Vietnamese people |litcolor = |longtype = Religious, cultural, national |significance = Marks the first day of the lunar new year |date2016=8 February, Monkey |date2017=28 January, Rooster |date2018=16 February, Dog |date2019=5 February, Pig |date2020=25 January, Rat |frequency=Annual |celebrations = Lion dances, Dragon dances, fireworks, family gathering, family meal, visiting friends' homes on the first day of the new year (xông nhà), visiting friends and relatives, ancestor worship, giving red envelopes to children and elderly, and opening a shop. |relatedto = Chinese New Year, Korean New Year, Japanese New Year, Mongolian New Year, Tibetan New Year }}Tết ({{IPA-vi|tet˧˥|}} or {{IPA-vi|təːt˧˥|}}), Vietnamese New Year, Vietnamese Lunar New Year or Tet Holiday, is the most important celebration in Vietnamese culture. The word is a shortened form of Tết Nguyên Đán (節元旦), which is Sino-Vietnamese for "Feast of the First Morning of the First Day". Tết celebrates the arrival of spring based on the Vietnamese calendar, which usually has the date falling in January or February in the Gregorian calendar.[1] Vietnamese people celebrate the Lunar New Year annually, which is based on a lunisolar calendar (calculating both the motions of Earth around the Sun and of the Moon around Earth). Tết is generally celebrated on the same day as Chinese New Year, except when the one-hour time difference between Vietnam and China results in new moon occurring on different days. It takes place from the first day of the first month of the Vietnamese calendar (around late January or early February) until at least the third day. Many Vietnamese prepare for Tết by cooking special holiday food and cleaning the house. These foods include bánh chưng, bánh dày, dried young bamboo soup (canh măng), giò, and sticky rice. Many customs are practiced during Tết, such as visiting a person's house on the first day of the new year (xông nhà), ancestor worship, wishing New Year's greetings, giving lucky money to children and elderly people, and opening a shop. Tết is also an occasion for pilgrims and family reunions. They start forgetting about the troubles of the past year and hope for a better upcoming year. They consider Tết to be the first day of spring, and the festival is often called Hội xuân (spring festival). History{{Expand section|date=February 2019}}Customs| align = center | image1 = Cung tat nien.jpg | caption1 = Tất Niên offering | width1 = 267 | image2 = Phòng thờ cúng.jpg | caption2 = A family altar in Vietnam | width2 = 267 | image3 = Ancestors Altar or Gods Altar in Tet, North Vietnam.jpg | caption3 = Altar to the ancestors adorned with flowers, fruits and food offerings | width3 = 267 }} Vietnamese people usually return to their families during Tết. Some return to worship at the family altar or visit the graves of their ancestors in their homeland. They also clean the graves of their family as a sign of respect. Although Tết is a national holiday among all Vietnamese, each region and religion has its own customs. Tết in the three Vietnamese regions can be divided into three periods, known as Tất Niên (penultimate New Year's Eve), Giao Thừa (New Year's Eve), and Tân Niên (the New Year), representing the preparation before Tết, the eve of Tết, and the days of and following Tết, respectively. The New YearThe first day of Tết is reserved for the nuclear family. Children receive a red envelope containing money from their elders. This tradition is called mừng tuổi (happy new age) in the north and lì xì in the south. Usually, children wear their new clothes and give their elders the traditional Tết greetings before receiving the money. Since the Vietnamese believe that the first visitor a family receives in the year determines their fortune for the entire year, people never enter any house on the first day without being invited first. The act of being the first person to enter a house on Tết is called xông đất, xông nhà or đạp đất, which is one of the most important rituals during Tết. According to Vietnamese tradition, if good things come to the family on the first day of the lunar New Year, the entire following year will also be full of blessings. Usually, a person of good temper, morality, and success will be the lucky sign for the host family and be invited first into the house. However, just to be safe, the owner of the house will leave the house a few minutes before midnight and come back just as the clock strikes midnight to prevent anyone else entering the house first who might potentially bring any unfortunate events in the new year to the household. Sweeping during Tết is taboo or xui (unlucky), since it symbolizes sweeping the luck away; that is why they clean before the new year. It is also taboo for anyone who experienced a recent loss of a family member to visit anyone else during Tết. During subsequent days, people visit relatives and friends. Traditionally but not strictly, the second day of Tết is usually reserved for friends, while the third day is for teachers, who command respect in Vietnam. Local Buddhist temples are popular spots as people like to give donations and to get their fortunes told during Tết. Children are free to spend their new money on toys or on gambling games such as bầu cua cá cọp, which can be found in the streets. Prosperous families can pay for dragon dancers to perform at their house. Also, public performances are given for everyone to watch. Traditional celebrationsThese celebrations can last from a day up to the entire week, and the New Year is filled with people in the streets trying to make as much noise as possible using firecrackers, drums, bells, gongs, and anything they can think of to ward off evil spirits. This parade will also include different masks, and dancers hidden under the guise of what is known as the Mua Lan or Lion Dancing. The Lan is an animal between a lion and a dragon, and is the symbol of strength in the Vietnamese culture that is used to scare away evil spirits. After the parade, families and friends come together to have a feast of traditional Vietnamese dishes, and share the happiness and joy of the New Year with one another. This is also the time when the elders will hand out red envelopes with money to the children for good luck in exchange for Tết greetings. It is also tradition to pay off your debts before the Lunar New Year for some Vietnamese families.[2] Decorations| align = center | image1 = ĐHNH 2012 - Rồng Nhâm Thìn.JPG | caption1 = Street decoration honouring the Year of the Dragon (2012) | width1 = 150 | image2 = Đèn kéo quân.jpg | caption2 = New Year decoration in Ho Chi Minh City | width2 = 267 | image3 = Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Tet_Decorations.jpg | caption3 = Tết display on the streets of Ho Chi Minh City | width3 = 267 }} Traditionally, each family displays cây nêu, an artificial New Year tree consisting of a bamboo pole 5 to 6 m long. The top end is usually decorated with many objects, depending on the locality, including good luck charms, origami fish, cactus branches, etc. At Tết, every house is usually decorated by Yellow Apricot blossoms (hoa mai) in the central and southern parts of Vietnam; or peach blossoms (hoa đào) in the northern part of Vietnam; or St. John's wort (hoa ban) in the mountain areas. In the north, some people (especially the elite in the past{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}) also decorate their house with a plum blossoms (also called hoa mai in Vietnamese, but referring to a totally different species from mickey-mouse blossoms{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}). In the north or central, the kumquat tree is a popular decoration for the living room during Tết. Its many fruits symbolize the fertility and fruitfulness for which the family hopes in the coming year. Vietnamese people also decorate their homes with bonsai and flowers such as chrysanthemums (hoa cúc), marigolds (vạn thọ) symbolizing longevity, cockscombs (mào gà) in southern Vietnam and paperwhites (thủy tiên) and pansies (hoa lan) in northern Vietnam. In the past was a tradition where people tried to make their paperwhites bloom on the day of the observance. They also hung up Dong Ho paintings and thư pháp calligraphy pictures. {{multiple image| align = center | image1 = Mâm Ngũ quả.jpg | caption1 = Fruit basket decoration made for Tết consisting of bananas, oranges, tangerines, a pomelo, and a pineapple | width1 = 267 | image2 = Hoa dao.jpg | caption2 = Peach blossoms (hoa đào) | width2 = 267 | image3 = Hoa mai.jpg | caption3 = Yellow Apricot blossoms (hoa mai) | width3 = 101 | caption4 = Chúc mừng năm mới translates to "Happy New Year" | width4 = 150 | image4 = Chúc_Mừng_Năm_Mới_banner.JPG }} Greetings{{multiple image| align = right | image1 = Van Mieu han tu 5412916981 273dedbe99.jpg | caption1 = A calligraphist writing in Hán-Nôm in preparation for Tết, at the Temple of Literature, Hanoi | width1 = 133 | image2 = ChuaQuangMinh.jpg | caption2 = Chùa Quang Minh Buddhist Temple in Chicago indicating the arrival of the New Year with a banner that reads "Chúc mừng xuân mới" (literally "Happy new spring"). | width2 = 277 }} The traditional greetings are "Chúc Mừng Năm Mới" (Happy New Year) and "Cung Chúc Tân Xuân", (gracious wishes of the new spring). People also wish each other prosperity and luck. Common wishes for Tết include:
Food{{multiple image| align = center | image1 = Banh chung vuong.jpg | caption1 = Bánh chưng | width1 = 150 | image2 = Goi banh chung.jpg | caption2 = People gathering around to make these special cakes | width2 = 267 | image3 = Banh tay.jpg | caption3 = Bánh chưng (bottom) and bánh Tét (top, still being prepared) | width3 = 267 | image4 = Xôi gấc.JPG | caption4 = This sticky rice is called xôi gấc | width4 = 267 }} In Vietnamese language, to celebrate Tết is to ăn Tết, literally meaning "eat Tết", showing the importance of food in its celebration. Some of the food is also eaten year-round, while other dishes are only eaten during Tết. Also, some of the food is vegetarian since it is believed to be good luck to eat vegetarian on Tết. Some traditional foods on Tết are:
Games and entertainmentPeople enjoy traditional games during Tết, including: bầu cua cá cọp, cờ tướng, ném còn, chọi trâu, and đá gà. They also participate in some competitions presenting their knowledge, strength, and aestheticism, such as the bird competition and ngâm thơ competition. Fireworks displays have also become an traditional part of a Tết celebration in Vietnam. During the New Year's Eve, fireworks displays at major cities, such as Hà Nội, Ho Chi Minh City, and Da Nang, are broadcast through multiple national and local TV channels, accompanied by New Year wishes of the incumbent president. In 2017 only, fireworks displays were prohibited due to political and financial reasons. In the U.S., there are fireworks displays at many of its festivals. Gặp nhau cuối năm (Year-end Gathering) is a national favourite comedy show broadcast during the night before the New Year's Eve. Dates in Lunar Calendar{{main article|Vietnamese calendar|Sexagenary cycle}}From 1996 to 2067.
See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=TET NGUYEN DAN The Vietnamese New Year |url=http://www.queensbotanical.org/education/56902/57016/vietnam|accessdate=12 June 20131 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527124500/http://www.queensbotanical.org/education/56902/57016/vietnam |archive-date=27 May 2013 |df=}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lunar-year-debt-20170126-story.html|title=Vietnamese prepare for Lunar New Year by paying off debts, a tradition that can often bring stress|last=Do|first=Anh|website=latimes.com|access-date=2017-01-28}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.vietnamvisa-easy.com/blog/xoi-gac-gac-sticky-rice-fortunate-red-of-vietnam/|title=Xoi gac-gac sticky rice, fortunate red of Vietnam - Travel information for Vietnam from local experts|work=Travel information for Vietnam from local experts|access-date=2018-02-11|language=en-US}} External links
10 : New Year celebrations|Public holidays in Vietnam|Festivals in Vietnam|Buddhist holidays|Vietnamese words and phrases|Non-Gregorian January observances|Non-Gregorian February observances|Observances honoring the dead|Observances set by the Vietnamese calendar|Buddhist festivals |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。