词条 | William Holland (stained glass maker) |
释义 |
Holland's stained glass reflects the influence of the Cambridge Camden Society and the Gothic Revival work of Thomas Willement. Willement revived in the early 19th century, the method used at York Minster to build the Great East Window in 1400 wherein coloured pieces are leaded and the lead then becomes part of the design, appearing as black lines in the window.[2] Studio and businessHolland founded his firm in Warwick at 3 Priory Rd at the intersection with St John's Road, as "Holland , William and Son, St John's , Warwick . Designers and Producers. Stained glass of the twelfth century representing scriptural events." Other 19th century sources quote his work as Elizabethan style. Again as a "stained glass and decorative painting establishment, where every description of design for monumental and baronial windows, enamelled and encaustic painting, gilding, imitations of wood" was executed.[3] At his studio, Holland also trained family members and other well known makers of stained glass, such as Clement Heaton[4] In 1855 Heaton joined James Butler to start his own company in London. The original buildings still stand, a white office on a corner is still attached to a long brick building which was Holland's workshop. Studio in later yearsWilliam's sons also became experts in stained glass, and a nephew, Frank Holt (1843–1928),[5][6] joined the firm after which it was known as Holland & Holt and continued on as Holt of Warwick into the early years of the twentieth century.[7] Representation at Great ExhibitionWilliam Holland's stained glass was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851 which was held in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 15 October, and is found in the Official Catalogue .[8] The catalogue lists exhibitors and also a description of various methods used to produce stained glass windows. Glass is found in Section III, Class 24. Holland is listed in entry 63 in the catalogue as working in various styles:
He was one of 25 makers of stained glass listed. Stained Glass was exhibited lining the eastern walls[9] of the Central North gallery of the Crystal Palace. Around 1845 there was a revival of interest in all types of worked glass, reflected in the choice of panes of sheet or window glass 49 inches long to cover the exhibition halls. "It has been a popular notion that this art was lost to us ; such is not the case, it has indeed been dormant, but never extinct. The fine works exhibited this year (1851) - the production of living artists- announce its revival." This was the first time that stained glass was exhibited in an extraordinary setting that emphasized its artistry in addition to religious themes. Displays were set up to explain the process of glass making. A batch of flint glass was made from one part alkali, two parts lead, and three parts sand with the best quality sand found at Alum Bay, Isle of Wight and Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire . "The materials are mixed and then melted in a crucible made of fire clay, a substance that can withstand intense, prolonged heat. Melting takes 60 hours. At 12 hours the glass is honeycombed and very white and opaque and a few hours later is transparent with thousands of air bubbles, which eventually disappear along with the light purple tint: that is oxygen given off by the oxide of manganese. Tools are then used to manipulate the glass." Flashed (two layers of colour) and stained glass are coloured on the surface only and through a process of embossing the white surface beneath is revealed. This was the process most likely used by Holland to illustrate his windows.[10] Stained glass in the nineteenth centuryDuring the English Civil War in the 17th century Oliver Cromwell, a zealous Puritan, fought King Charles I and as part of this campaign, rampaged against the traditional Loyalist church and its ornate trappings. His troops broke down the heavy doors of parish churches near and far, and rode on horseback through their interiors, destroying with their swords anything decorative. Priceless and ancient stained glass windows were shattered and the churches were laid bare to the elements through empty window frames. [11] In the Nineteenth century the Anglican church became interested in what had been lost: there were a few examples of medieval and Elizabethan windows that had survived this earlier devastation. William Holland's stained glass windows strongly reflect his interest in this period as he described his work to be "Stained glass of the twelfth century representing scriptural events." Religious revivals also influenced architecture and were the motivating factor in rebuilding churches. During a flowering period of reconstruction, older windows with plain glass and leading were replaced. See also British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918) and the Cambridge Camden Society. Examples of Holland Studio stained glass windows
Church of IrelandChrist Church, Taney Dundrum[32] incorporates a set of windows signed " Holland, Son & Holt, Glass Painters, Decorators, &c., Warwick, England, 1872."and "Studio William Holland; Warwick ". In the EAST Sanctuary a very large stained glass window is described as "Five lancets each measuring 3760mm x 560mm; rose of one 6-foil and ten quatrefoils; two large mouchettes and several small lights." Iconography: King Solomon Building the Temple Moses in the Bullrushes Moses and the Brazen Serpent Elijah Ascending to Heaven Abraham Sacrificing Isaac King Solomon in the Temple Moses and the Tables of the Law The SOUTH Sanctuary displays "One lancet measuring 2840mm x 560mm. " Iconography:Visiting the Prisoner In the NORTH; EAST chancel are "Two lancets, each measuring 2950mm x 560mm, one quatrefoil and two mouchettes. " Iconography:Taking in the Stranger- on left Clothing the Naked- on right In the NORTH; WEST chancel are "Two lancets each measuring 2950x560 mm, one quatrefoil and two small mouchettes. " Iconography:Feeding the Hungry- on left Giving Drink to the Thirsty- on right Notes1. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/22274117@N08/2470245283/ The mark of William Holland of Warwick in the lower right-hand corner of the Chetwode east window, 1842 in the style of the window immediately to its right (still containing medieval glass) including two figures in almond-shaped panels on grisaille. Gordon Plumb] 2. ^Victoria and Albert Museum: Britain's Most Fragile Treasure 3. ^British History Online County History : Stephens, W.B. A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8: The City of Coventry and Borough of Warwick, 1969 4. ^Examples by Clement Heaton of the stained glass at St. Mary's Church, Osterley, Middlesex 5. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/4591467512/ Aidan McRae Thomson: Holt of Warwick window: St Mary's, Cubbington] 6. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/4591466856/ Frank Holt's Signature Detail of window in the south aisle at Cubbington by the local studio of Frank Holt of Warwick (partner and successor to William Holland) c1892.] 7. ^William Holland (1840s–1890s) Stained glass in Wales 8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=kj6fz7beMrwC&pg=PA1004 Official descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Great Exhibition , of the Works of Industry of All Nations Great Britain. Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 Volume 2 Pg 705 Entry 63] 9. ^[https://york.academia.edu/JasmineAllen/ Jasmine Allen:The Spectacle of Stained Glass at the Great Exhibition] 10. ^[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/science-stained-glass.html ] PBS. Nova: Medieval Stained Glass Science By Susan K. Lewis Posted 08.19.10 11. ^Cromwell Association. Churches and the Civil War 12. ^St Thomas's(CE) Newport 13. ^All Saints Church, [Wokingham] 14. ^ Moriarty, Holland of Warwick 15. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/22274117@N08/2471075624/in/photostream/ East window, Holland of Warwick, 1842] 16. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/4414915267/ Aidan McRae Thomson: One bay projection on the north side of the nave, built as a mausoleum for a former vicar in 1870.] 17. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/5356735476/in/photostream/ Aidan McRae Thomson: East Window: Matthew, Mark ,Peter, Luke and John] 18. ^Whitnash St Margaret's Church 19. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=j7UHAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false A history and description of the parish of Whitnash By James Reynolds Young; Pg 12, South West window :Pg 14, East window : Pg 16, Vestry Window by Mr Holland of Warwick] 20. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/4357348332/ Aidan McRae Thomson: North Aisle window: Ornament and Inscription] 21. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/4355849906/ Aidan McRae Thomson: North Aisle window: Battle Scene] 22. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/4357353626/ Aidan McRae Thomson: South Chapel:Three Lancet Medallions] 23. ^Scenes from the Life of Christ :William Holland (1840s-1890s) Stained glass in Wales 24. ^Christ Church, Bray Christ Church, Bray 25. ^ Warwickshire County Record Office 26. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/5338989658/St Michael's Church, Budbrooke, Warwickshire] 27. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/4717080002/ Nativity of Mary Church, Studley, Warwickshire] 28. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/6037203853/SS Peter & Paul Church,Butlers Marston, Warwickshire] 29. ^All Saints Church, Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire 30. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/5501979498/Library/Former Chapel, Princethorpe College, Warwickshire] 31. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/5336678280/St Andrew's Church, North Kilworth, Leicestershire] 32. ^ Studio William Holland; Warwick ,dating 1872 (circa) Iconography] ReferencesLittle, Joyce, Stained Glass Marks and Monograms (London: National Association of Decorative and Fine Art Societies, 2002), p. 67. Warwickshire County Council: Certified copy of an entry of death for William Holand of the Stained Glass Works in Co. St. Johns, Warwick. Death: 27 September 1883 Victoria and Albert Museum: Stained and painted glass 1770–1870 {{British and Irish stained glass}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, William}} 4 : British stained glass artists and manufacturers|People from Warwick|1883 deaths|1809 births |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。