| 词条 | William Parker Kennedy |
| 释义 |
| name = William Parker Kennedy | image = William Parker Kennedy.png | alt = | caption = Picture from The Miami News article of 23 July 1949 announcing Kennedy's appointment as President of the BRT | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|04|03|df=y}} | birth_place = Huttonville, Ontario, Canada | death_date = 1968 | death_place = | nationality = Canadian / American | other_names = | occupation = Labor leader | known_for = President of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen }} William Parker Kennedy (3 April 1892-1968)[1] was president of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen (BRT) from 1949 to 1962. Early yearsKennedy was born in Huttonville, Ontario, near Brampton, on 3 April 1892.{{sfn|Denslow|2004|p=16}} When he was ten years old, his family moved to Chicago. At the age of seventeen he obtained work with the Great Northern Railway as a freight brakeman. He joined the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen in 1910. In 1911 he moved to Calgary, Alberta, where he worked for the Canadian Pacific Railway as a switchman.{{sfn|Profile of the month: 1962|p=276}} At the start of 1912 Kennedy moved to Minneapolis, working as a switchman for the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. He became president of BRT lodge 625 in Minneapolis. From 1921 to 1935 he was chairman of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway grievance committee. In 1935 he was made a full-time union officer, responsible for the northwest United States and for Canada west of Port Arthur, Ontario. He handled representation disputes from 1944 to 1946. At the start of 1947 he was appointed General Secretary and Treasurer.{{sfn|Profile of the month: 1962|p=276}} Union leaderAlexander F. Whitney, president of the union, died of a heart attack on 16 July 1949 at the age of 76.{{sfn|Alexander F. Whitney: LIFE}} Kennedy succeeded him as president of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, and held this post until 1963.{{sfn|Guide to the Brotherhood ... Cornell}} He was 57 years old when he became president.{{sfn|Trainmen Boss: Miami News 1949|p=57}} On 25 August 1950 President Truman issued an order for the federal government to take control of the 131 major railroads in the United States. The order came three days before the members of the BRT and the Order of Railway Conductors, were scheduled to halt work.{{sfn|U.S. Rail Seizure Ordered... 1950|p=1}} Truman had just ordered U.S. troops to intervene in the Korean War, and could not afford to have the railways paralyzed. The strike continued until May 1952, when the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, the Order of Railway Conductors and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen accepted the government's terms and returned to work.{{sfn|Truman orders army... A&E}} Kennedy predicted that freight yards would become increasingly automated using new electronic technology. The railroads were in good financial condition, so could afford increased levels of investment, and there were large savings to be made.{{sfn|Weinberg|1960|p=22}} The Brotherhood reached its greatest size in 1956, with 217,176 members, after which railroad employment began to decline.{{sfn|BRT largest of four unions: UTU}} In 1957 the BRT affiliated with the AFL–CIO and the Canadian Labour Congress.{{sfn|BRT largest of four unions: UTU}} At the 1959 AFK-CIO convention the question of racial discrimination came up. A. Philip Randolph said the federation should not tolerate segregated locals, even when the members were black and wanted to remain segregated. He was attacked by the organization's president, George Meany, who accused Randolph of trying to suppress the views of the black unionists.{{sfn|Kersten|2007|p=152}} Randolph introduced a resolution to eject the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen from the AFL-CIO unless they changed their constitutions to allow black members. Kennedy said he would work to eliminate bias from the trainmen's union, and said that there were already over a thousand black members even though the constitution theoretically barred them.{{sfn|Kersten|2007|p=153}} Kennedy supported Senator Harley M. Kilgore in his push for stronger laws for detaining subversives. He wrote to him on behalf of the Brotherhood to express their "deep appreciation of your efforts in Congress to counteract the activities of Communists and other subversive groups."{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=52}} In 1958 Kennedy turned down an invitation from the Teamsters to discuss a unified transportation union. The Brotherhood held a lengthy convention in the Cleveland Music Hall between 4 January 1960 and 18 February 1960. Jimmy Hoffa of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters had representatives trying to influence the delegates to support unification of all labor unions. The combined union of road, rail and airline transport workers would have had immense power, and probably would have been prevented by the government. However, Kennedy was strongly opposed to working with Hoffa.{{sfn|Victor Riesel 1960|p=12}} Kennedy retired at the end of 1962 at the age of 70.{{sfn|Profile of the month: 1962|p=276}} President John F. Kennedy sent him a message that was read at his testimonial banquet: "Congratulations for your splendid record as President of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen; and good wishes for many years of enjoyable retirement."{{sfn|Profile of the month: 1962|p=278}} Charles Luna succeeded W.P. Kennedy as president in 1963.{{sfn|BRT largest of four unions: UTU}} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
|title=Automation in the railroad industry; the twentieth century challenge to management and labor |first=William Parker |last=Kennedy |year=1957}}
ReferencesCitations1. ^"Guide to the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen Records", Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library. Sources{{refbegin}}
|chapter=Alexander F. Whitney|accessdate=2013-08-01|date=1949-07-25|publisher=Time Inc|page=38|ISSN=0024-3019}}
|title=BRT largest of four unions|publisher=UTU|accessdate=2013-08-05}}
|last=Denslow|first=William R.|title=10,000 Famous Freemasons from K to Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-cCeOEXGyoC&pg=PA16|accessdate=2013-08-06 |date=September 2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-7579-2|chapter=William P. Kennedy}}
|title=Guide to the Brotherhood Of Railroad Trainmen Records, 1883-1973|accessdate=2013-08-05|year=2002 |publisher=Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library}}
|last=Kersten|first=Andrew Edmund|title=A. Philip Randolph: A Life in the Vanguard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-wKcoKlmgoC&pg=PA152|accessdate=2013-08-06 |year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-4898-5}}
|title=Profile of the month|accessdate=2013-08-06|journal=International Transport Workers' Journal |volume=XXII |issue=12 |date=December 1962}}
|last=Smith|first=James H.|title=Surviving the Second Red Scare: Senator Harley Kilgore and the Issue of Communism in Postwar American Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azbgXVlLbQYC&pg=PA52|accessdate=2013-08-06 |year=2007|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=978-0-549-46392-4}}
|title=Trainmen Boss |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19490723&id=5Y4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=i-kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4409,1502523 |journal=The Miami News |date=23 July 1949}}
|title=Truman orders army to seize control of railroads|publisher=A&E Television Networks|accessdate=2013-08-05 |work=This Day in History}}
|title=U.S. Rail Seizure Ordered; Unions Call Off Strike |journal=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=26 August 1950}}
|title=Victor Riesel|accessdate=2013-08-06 |work=Rome News-Tribune |date=9 March 1960}}
|last=Weinberg|first=Edgar|title=Impact of Automation: A Collection of 20 Articles about Technological Change, from the Monthly Labor Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJMeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA22|accessdate=2013-08-06 |year=1960|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics|page=22 |chapter=An Inquiry into the Effects of Automation }}{{refend}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, William Parker}} 8 : 1892 births|1968 deaths|Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen people|Trade unionists from Ontario|Canadian emigrants to the United States|Activists from Chicago|Labor unionists from Illinois|American people of Canadian descent |
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