| 词条 | Uffington White Horse |
| 释义 |
| name = Whitehorse Hill | photo = Uffington-White-Horse-sat.jpg | photo_caption = Aerial view of the White Horse | elevation_m = 261 | elevation_ref = | prominence_m = 79 | prominence_ref = | listing = County Top | location = Oxfordshire, England | range = | coordinates = | grid_ref_UK = SU301866 | topo = OS Landranger 174 | type = | age = | last_eruption = | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }} The Uffington White Horse is a highly stylised prehistoric hill figure, {{convert|110|m|ft|abbr=on}}[1] long, formed from deep trenches filled with crushed white chalk. The figure is situated on the upper slopes of White Horse Hill in the English civil parish of Uffington (in the ceremonial county of Oxfordshire and historic county of Berkshire), some {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} south of the town of Faringdon and a similar distance west of the town of Wantage; or {{convert|2.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Uffington. The hill forms a part of the scarp of the Berkshire Downs and overlooks the Vale of White Horse to the north. The best views of the figure are obtained from the air, or from directly across the Vale, particularly around the villages of Great Coxwell, Longcot and Fernham. The site is owned and managed by the National Trust and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.[2] The Guardian stated in 2003 that "for more than 3,000 years, the Uffington White Horse has been jealously guarded as a masterpiece of minimalist art."[3] The Uffington Horse is by far the oldest of the white horse figures in Britain and is of an entirely different design from the others inspired by it.[4][5] OriginThe figure has long been presumed to date to "the later prehistory" – the Iron Age (800 BC–AD 100) or the late Bronze Age (1000–700 BC). This view was generally held by scholars before the 1990s, based on the similarity of the horse's design to comparable figures in Celtic art. This theory was confirmed following a 1990 excavation led by Simon Palmer and David Miles of the Oxford Archaeological Unit: deposits of fine silt removed from the horse's 'beak' were scientifically dated to the late Bronze Age,[6][7] some time between 1380 and 550 BC.[1] They also discovered the figure was cut into the hill up to a metre (3 ft) deep, not simply scratched into the chalk surface.[10] Iron Age coins that bear a representation comparable to the Uffington White Horse have been found, supporting the early dating of this artefact. Darvill (1996) dismisses as "folklore" the suggestion that the horse had been fashioned in the Anglo-Saxon period, more particularly during Alfred's reign: there is no evidence to support this. The medieval Welsh book Llyfr Coch Hergest (Red Book of Hergest, 1375–1425) states: "Gerllaw tref Abinton y mae mynydd ac eilun march arno a gwyn ydiw. Ni thyf dim arno." This translates as "Near to the town of Abinton there is a mountain with a figure of a stallion upon it and it is white. Nothing grows upon it."[8] HistoryUntil the late 19th century, the horse was scoured every seven years as part of a more general local fair held on the hill. Francis Wise wrote in 1736: "The ceremony of scouring the Horse, from time immemorial, has been solemnized by a numerous concourse of people from all the villages roundabout."[9] After the work was done a rural festival was held sponsored by “the lord of the manor.”[10] If regular cleaning is halted, the figure quickly becomes obscured; it has always needed frequent work for the figure to remain visible. Periodic scouring continues, organized by the National Trust: on chalking day volunteers with hammers, buckets of chalk, and kneepads kneel and smash the chalk to a paste, whitening the paths cut in the grass inch by inch.[9] During the Second World War the figure, easily recognizable from the air, was covered over with turf and hedge trimmings so that Luftwaffe pilots could not use it for navigation during bombing raids.[9] In August 2002 the figure was defaced with the addition of a rider and three dogs by members of the "Real Countryside Alliance" (Real CA). The act was denounced by the Countryside Alliance.[11] Soon afterwards for a couple of days in May 2003, a temporary hill figure advertisement for the fourth series of Channel 4's series Big Brother was controversially placed near the figure.[3] In March 2012, as part of a pre-Cheltenham Festival publicity stunt, a bookmaker added a large jockey to the figure.[12] Representation and meaningIt has long been debated whether the chalk figure was intended to represent a horse or some other animal, such as a dog or a sabre toothed cat. However, it has been called a horse since the 11th century at least. A cartulary of Abingdon Abbey, compiled between 1072 and 1084, refers to "mons albi equi" at Uffington ("the White Horse Hill").[13] The horse is thought to represent a tribal symbol perhaps connected with the builders of Uffington Castle. It is similar to horses depicted on Celtic coinage, the currency of the pre-Roman-British population, and on the Marlborough Bucket (an Iron Age burial bucket found in Marlborough, Wiltshire).[14] Another theory proposed by University of Southampton archaeologist Joshua Pollard points to the horse's alignment with the sun, particularly in midwinter when the sun appears to overtake the horse, to indicate that it was created as a depiction of a "solar horse", reflecting mythological beliefs that the sun was carried across the sky on a horse or in a chariot.[1] Nearby prehistoric featuresThe most significant nearby feature is the Iron Age Uffington Castle, located on higher ground atop a knoll above the White Horse.[15] This hillfort comprises an area of approximately {{convert|3|ha|acre}} enclosed by a single, well-preserved bank and ditch. Dragon Hill is a natural chalk hill with an artificial flat top, associated in legend with St George.[16] Whitehorse Hill is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It is a geological SSSI due to its Pleistocene sediments, and a biological SSSI as it has one of the few remaining unploughed grasslands along the chalk escarpment in Oxfordshire.[17][18] To the west are ice-cut terraces known as the "Giant's Stair".[19] Some believe these terraces at the bottom of this valley are the result of medieval farming, or alternatively were used for early farming after being formed by natural processes. The steep sided dry valley below the horse is known as the Manger and legend says that the horse grazes there at night. The Blowing Stone, a perforated sarsen stone, lies in a garden in Kingston Lisle, two kilometres away and produces a musical tone when blown through.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} Wayland's Smithy is a Neolithic long barrow and chamber tomb {{convert|1.5|mi}} southwest of the Horse.[20] It lies next to The Ridgeway, an ancient trackway that also runs behind Uffington Castle, and is followed by the Ridgeway National Trail, a long-distance footpath running from Overton Hill, near Avebury, to Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire.[21]Influence and cultural referencesThe horse was a direct influence on much later hill figures of white horses,[5] including Kilburn White Horse (1858) in Yorkshire,[22] Folkestone White Horse (2003) in Kent,[23] and a white horse cut from heather that existed from 1981 until the mid-1990s in Mossley, Greater Manchester.[24] The first Westbury White Horse, which faced left, is also believed to have been inspired by the Uffington horse.[5] Uffington White Horse has also inspired lookalike hill figures, including one facing left in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.[25] Direct replicas of the Uffington horse can be found at Cockington Green Gardens in Australia[26] and Hogansville, Georgia, USA.[27] Uffington White Horse has also inspired two sculptures in Wiltshire, namely Julie Livsey's White Horse Pacified (1987) in nearby Swindon,[28] a town which was also once considered for a white horse,[29] and Charlotte Moreton's White Horse (2010) in Solstice Park, Amesbury.[30] The White Horse is used as a symbol by diverse organisations (mostly with Oxfordshire or Berkshire connections) and appears in numerous works of literature, visual art and music.[31] As an emblemThe White Horse is the emblem of the Vale of White Horse District Council,[32] the Berkshire Yeomanry[33] (a Territorial Army unit based in Windsor, Reading and Chertsey), and educational establishments including Faringdon Community College[34] and The Ridgeway Primary School in Whitley, Berkshire.[35] LiteratureThomas Hughes, the author of Tom Brown's Schooldays, who was born in the nearby village of Uffington,[36] wrote a book called The Scouring of the White Horse. Published in 1859, and described as "a combined travel book and record of regional history in the guise of a novel, sort of",[37] it recounts the traditional festivities surrounding the periodic renovation of the White Horse.[38][39] G. K. Chesterton also features the scouring of the White Horse in his epic poem The Ballad of the White Horse, published in 1911, a romanticised depiction of the exploits of King Alfred the Great.[40]In modern fiction, Rosemary Sutcliff's 1977 children's book Sun Horse, Moon Horse tells a fictional story of the Bronze Age creator of the figure,[41][42] and the White Horse and nearby Wayland's Smithy feature in a 1920s setting in the Inspector Ian Rutledge mystery/detective novel A Pale Horse by Charles Todd; a depiction of the White Horse appears on the book's dust jacket.[43][44] The horse is also central to the 1978 BBC Television serial The Moon Stallion by Brian Hayles,[45][46] who later novelised the series.[47] The White Horse is a significant setting, plot point, and symbol in the 2018 novel Lethal White by Robert Galbraith (J.K. Rowling), the fourth installment in the Cormoran Strike detective series.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} MusicDavid Bedford's Song of the White Horse (1978), set for ensemble and children's choir and commissioned for the BBC's Omnibus programme, depicts a journey along a footpath alongside the Uffington Horse and includes words from Chesterton's poem. The composition requires the choir to inhale helium to sing the "stratospherically high notes" of the climax,[48] accompanied by aerial footage of the horse animated to show it rearing up from the ground.[49][50] A recording, produced by Mike Oldfield, was released by Oldfield Music in 1983.[51]The Uffington Horse is illustrated on the cover of English Settlement (1982), the fifth studio album by the Swindon band XTC,[31][52] and appears (among other symbols copied from Barbara G. Walker's The Woman's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects[53][54]) on the back cover of Nirvana's final album, In Utero (1993).[31] See also
Notes1. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Powell|first1=Eric A|title=White horse of the sun|journal=Archaeology|date=Sep–Oct 2017|volume=70|issue=5|pages=9–10|url=http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=17&sid=d022d3dd-d76c-4a0c-8bda-3d22c2e5033b%40sessionmgr103|accessdate=31 August 2017|issn=0003-8113|postscript={{subscription needed|via=[https://www.ebsco.com EBSCO]'s Master File Complete}}}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }} 2. ^{{National Heritage List for England |num=1008413|desc=The White Horse hill figure 170m NNE of Uffington Castle on Whitehorse Hill|accessdate=15 February 2014}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/may/04/channel4.bigbrother|title=Big Brother's logo 'defiles' White Horse|first=Mark |last=Townsend|newspaper=The Observer|date=4 May 2003|accessdate=10 October 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiltshirewhitehorses.org.uk/uffington.html|title=Wiltshire Uffington |publisher=Wiltshirewhitehorses.org.uk |date=21 March 2010 |accessdate=23 April 2011}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.hows.org.uk/personal/hillfigs/uff/uffing.htm|title=Uffington White Horse|work=hows.org.uk|accessdate=10 October 2015}} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Darvill |first=Timothy |title=Prehistoric Britain from the Air |date=1996 |page=223 |isbn=0521551323 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/uffington-white-horse |title=Uffington White Horse |publisher=Atlas Obscura |accessdate=15 July 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/hindex.html|title=The Red Book of Hergest|work=maryjones.us|accessdate=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709041237/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/hindex.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last1=Cleaver|first1=Emily|title=Against All Odds, England's Massive Chalk Horse Has Survived 3,000 Years|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/3000-year-old-uffington-horse-looms-over-english-countryside-180963968/|accessdate=12 July 2017|publisher=Smithsonian.com|date=6 July 2017}} 10. ^The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol III (1847) Charles Knight, London, p.225. 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2220725.stm |title=White horses defaced by activists |publisher=BBC News |date=28 August 2002 |accessdate=23 April 2011}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-17297495|title=Bookmaker adds jockey to Uffington Horse|publisher=BBC News |date=9 March 2012 |accessdate=5 July 2017}} 13. ^1 {{cite book |first=Rev W. C. |last=Plenderleath |authorlink=William Plenderleath |title=The White Horses of the West of England |location=London |publisher=Allen & Storr |date=1892 |url=https://archive.org/stream/whitehorsesofwes00pleniala#page/8/mode/2up |page=8}} 14. ^{{citation |title=Early Iron Age Horses on the Marlborough Bucket |type=exhibition label |publisher=Wiltshire Museum |quote=... take a closer look at the sides of the bucket in order to identify Early Iron Age depictions of horses. They have similar features to the Uffington White Horse ... In the past, this resemblance has been used to date the Uffington Horse to the Iron Age. However, it was actually created much earlier, and does not compare exactly to Iron Age representations of horses which are often much curvier in appearance.}} 15. ^British Archaeology, Editor: Simon Denison, Issue no 33, April 1998 ISSN 1357-4442 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/uffington-castle-white-horse-and-dragon-hill/|title=Uffington Castle – White Horse and Dragon Hill |publisher=English Heritage |date=16 April 2011 |accessdate=23 April 2011}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001206.pdf |title=Whitehorse Hill citation|series= Sites of Special Scientific Interest|publisher=Natural England|accessdate= 23 December 2013}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=sssiIndex&query=HYPERLINK%3D%271001206%27 |title=Map of Whitehorse Hill |series= Sites of Special Scientific Interest|publisher=Natural England|accessdate= 23 December 2013}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/archaeology/white_horse.html |title=Royal Berkshire History: The Uffington White Horse |publisher=Berkshirehistory.com |date= |accessdate=23 April 2011}} 20. ^{{National Heritage List for England| num=1008409 |desc=Wayland's Smithy chambered long barrow, including an earlier barrow and Iron Age and Roman boundary ditches |grade= |accessdate=15 July 2017}} 21. ^{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Neil|title=The Ridgeway National Trail Guide|year=1994|isbn=1-85410-268-0}} 22. ^{{cite book | last = Marples | first = Morris | title = White Horses and Other Hill Figures | publisher = Alan Sutton Publishing Limited | origyear = 1949| year = 1981 | location = Gloucester | isbn = 0-904387-59-3}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehorsefolkestone.co.uk/moredetails.html|title=The White Horse – More Details|work=whitehorsefolkestone.co.uk|accessdate=10 October 2015}} 24. ^{{cite news |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/gs-geo-images/a49e49bf-d740-49cf-8dc3-a0c1966e9171_l.jpg |title=The nag under the heather |newspaper=Tameside Reporter |date=c. 1999 |accessdate=5 July 2017}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wiltshirewhitehorses.org.uk/foreign.html|title=Wiltshire White Horses|work=wiltshirewhitehorses.org.uk|accessdate=10 October 2015}} 26. ^Cockington Green Gardens – Canberra – by Ashleigh Meikle 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hows.org.uk/personal/hillfigs/foreign/hillf%5Cgeorgia.htm|title=Tunis Horses|work=hows.org.uk|accessdate=10 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/yoursay/blogs/born_again_swindonian/10566423.print/|title=West Swindon sculpture walk – Part 3 – 'White Horse Pacified'|work=swindonadvertiser.co.uk|accessdate=10 October 2015}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hows.org.uk/personal/hillfigs/arch/designs.htm|title=Designs that Were Never Made|work=hows.org.uk|accessdate=10 October 2015}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/White-Horse-Solstice-Park/story-11759798-detail/story.html|title=A white horse for Solstice Park – Western Daily Press|work=Western Daily Press|accessdate=10 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 31. ^1 2 {{cite journal |url= |title=The Uffington White Horse geoglyph as sun-horse |journal=Antiquity |date=2017 |first=J. |last=Pollard |volume=91 |issue=326 |pages=406–420 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2016.269 |quote="A widely consumed image within popular culture...the white horse features on the album covers of XTC and Nirvana..."}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/ |title=Vale of White Horse District Council |publisher=VOWHDC |date= |accessdate=14 June 2017}} 33. ^{{cite book|first1=Peter |last1=Doyle|first2=Chris |last2=Foster|title=British Army Cap Badges of the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQjDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|date=20 July 2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-7478-1110-7|page=56}} 34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fcc.oxon.sch.uk |title=Faringdon Community College |accessdate=14 June 2017}} 35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theridgewayprimary.net |title=The Ridgeway Primary School |accessdate=14 June 2017}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.uffington.net/what-you-can-see/?target=uffington-and-tom-browns-schooldays |title=Uffington and Tom Brown's Schooldays |publisher= Tom Brown's School Museum|date= |accessdate=14 June 2017}} 37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/hughes/whitehorse.html |title=A "Great Basket of Country Treasures": Tom Hughes's The Scouring of the White Horse |publisher=The Victorian Web |first=George P. |last=Landow |date= |accessdate=14 June 2017}} 38. ^{{cite book |title=The Scouring of the White Horse; or, the Long Vacation Ramble of a London Clerk |first=Thomas |last=Hughes |publisher=Ticknor and Fields |location=Boston |date=1859}} 39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/archaeology/white_horse3.html | title=The Uffington White Horse Part 3: Scouring and Pastimes |first=David Nash |last=Ford |publisher=Royal Berkshire History |date=2003 |accessdate=14 June 2017}} 40. ^{{Gutenberg | no=1719 | name=The Ballad of the White Horse |author=Chesterton, G. K. |authorlink=G. K. Chesterton |date=1911 |bullet=none}} 41. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historicalnovels.info/Rosemary-Sutcliff.html |title=Rosemary Sutcliff |publisher=Historical Novels |author=Annis |date= |accessdate=14 June 2017}} 42. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rosemarysutcliff.com/2014/03/26/the-horse-people-of-the-eagle-of-the-ninth-different-from-the-horse-people-epidi-of-sun-horse-moon-horse/ |first=Anthony |last=Lawton |title=The Horse People of The Eagle of the Ninth different from the Horse People (Epidi) of Sun Horse, Moon Horse|date=26 March 2014 |website=rosemarysutcliff.com |access-date=30 March 2019}} 43. ^{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Todd |title=A Pale Horse: An Inspector Ian Rutledge Mystery|url=https://books.google.combooks?id=IerpsIT06MsC|year=2008|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-123356-2}} 44. ^{{Cite web|url=https://charlestodd.com/books/a-pale-horse/|title=A Pale Horse|publisher=Charles Todd |access-date=30 March 2019}} 45. ^{{cite book|first=Peter |last=Bramwell|title=Pagan Themes in Modern Children's Fiction: Green Man, Shamanism, Earth Mysteries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-WHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199|date=31 March 2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-23689-9|page=167}} 46. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1383693/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Moon Stallion, The (1978)|website=www.screenonline.org.uk|access-date=30 March 2019}} 47. ^{{cite book |first=Brian |last=Hayles |authorlink=Brian Hayles |title=The Moon Stallion |publisher=The Book Service Ltd |date=1978 |location= |url= |isbn=0859391345}} 48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016vks3 |title=David Bedford's The Song of the White Horse |publisher=BBC Radio 3 |date=5 November 2011 |accessdate=29 June 2017}} 49. ^{{cite AV media | people = David Bedford (Composer), Tony Staveacre (Director)| date = 1978| title = The Song of the White Horse | trans-title = | medium = TV | language = | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlIAlaiE6Do | access-date = 29 June 2017 | format = | time = | location = | publisher = BBC | series = Omnibus | id = | isbn = | oclc = | quote = | ref =}} 50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2000/june00/whitehorse.htm |title=David Bedford: Song of the White Horse also featuring Star Clusters, Nebulae & Places in Devon|publisher= musicweb-international.com |first=Gary S. |last=Dalkin |date= |accessdate=29 June 2017}} 51. ^{{Discogs release|release=2866432|name=David Bedford – Star Clusters, Nebulae & Places In Devon/The Song Of The White Horse|type=album}} 52. ^{{Discogs master|master=70130|name=English Settlement|type=album}} 53. ^{{cite book |title=Nirvana's In Utero |publisher=Continuum |date=2006 |last=Gaar |first=Gillian G. |isbn=0-8264-1776-0}} 54. ^{{cite web |url=http://sound-stage-direct.blogspot.co.uk/2009/09/album-cover-art-stories-nirvana-in.html |title=Album Cover Art Stories: Nirvana – In Utero |publisher=SoundStageDirect |first=Robert |last=Benson |date=13 September 2009 |accessdate=29 June 2017}} Sources and further reading
External links{{Commonscat|Uffington White Horse}}
14 : Archaeological sites in Berkshire|Archaeological sites in Oxfordshire|White horses in England|History of Berkshire|History of Oxfordshire|National Trust properties in Oxfordshire|Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Oxfordshire|Vale of White Horse|Tourist attractions in Oxfordshire|Bronze Age art|Berkshire folklore|Oxfordshire folklore|Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Oxfordshire|Bronze Age sites in Oxfordshire |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。