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词条 Ugaritic
释义

  1. Corpus

  2. Writing system

  3. Phonology

  4. Grammar

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with the unrelated Ugric languages.}}{{Infobox language
| name = Ugaritic
| states = Ugarit
| extinct = twelfth century BC
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
| fam2 = Semitic
| fam3 = West Semitic
| fam4 = Central Semitic
| fam5 = Northwest Semitic
| fam6 = Amoritic
| script = Ugaritic alphabet
| iso2 = uga
| iso3 = uga
| glotto = ugar1238
| glottorefname = Ugaritic
| notice = IPA
}}Ugaritic[1] ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|uː|g|ə|ˈ|r|ɪ|t|ɪ|k|,_|ˌ|j|uː|-}}) is an extinct Amorite language known through the Ugaritic texts discovered by French archaeologists in 1929.[2][3][4][5][6] It is known almost only in the Ugarit texts found in the ruined city of Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra, Syria).[7][8] It has been used by scholars of the Hebrew Bible to clarify Biblical Hebrew texts and has revealed ways in which the cultures of ancient Israel and Judah found parallels in the neighboring cultures.[8]

Ugaritic has been called "the greatest literary discovery from antiquity since the deciphering of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform".[9]

Corpus

The Ugaritic language is attested in texts from the 14th through the 12th century BC. The city of Ugarit was destroyed roughly 1190 BC.[10]

Literary texts discovered at Ugarit include the Legend of Keret, the legends of Danel, the Myth of Baal-Aliyan, and the Death of Baal—the latter two are also collectively known as the Baal Cycle—all revealing aspects of ancient Northwest Semitic religion.

According to one hypothesis, Ugaritic texts might solve the biblical puzzle of the anachronism of Ezekiel mentioning Daniel at {{bibleverse||Ezekiel|14:13-16|nrsv}}; it is because in both Ugaritic and Hebrew texts, it is correctly Danel.[8]

Writing system

{{Main|Ugaritic alphabet}}

The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform script used beginning in the 15th century BC. Like most Semitic scripts, it is an abjad, where each symbol stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel.

Although it appears similar to Mesopotamian cuneiform (whose writing techniques it borrowed), its symbols and symbol meanings are unrelated. It is the oldest example of the family of West Semitic scripts such as the Phoenician, Paleo-Hebrew, and Aramaic alphabets (including the Hebrew alphabet). The so-called "long alphabet" has 30 letters while the "short alphabet" has 22. Other languages (particularly Hurrian) were occasionally written in it in the Ugarit area, although not elsewhere.

Clay tablets written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the Levantine ordering of the alphabet, which gave rise to the alphabetic order of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin alphabets; and the South Semitic order, which gave rise to the order of the Ge'ez script. The script was written from left to right.

Phonology

Ugaritic had 28 consonantal phonemes (including two semivowels) and eight vowel phonemes (three short vowels and five long vowels): a ā i ī u ū ē ō. The phonemes ē and ō occur only as long vowels and are the result of monophthongization of the diphthongs ay and aw, respectively.

date=May 2015}}
LabialInterdentalDental/AlveolarPalatalVelarUvularPharyngealGlottal
plain emphatic
Nasalm}}n}}
Stop voicelessp}}t}}tˤ}}k}}q}}ʔ}}
voicedb}}d}}ɡ}}
Fricative voicelessθ}}s}}sˤ}}ʃ}}{{IPAlink|x}}ħ}}h}}
voicedð}}z}}ðˤ}}ʒ}}){{r|footnote1|group=decimal}}{{IPAlink|ɣ}}{{r|footnote2|group=decimal}}ʕ}}
Approximantl}}j}}w}}
Trillr}}
1. ^http://bildnercenter.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/59-modern-south-arabian-as-a-source-for-ugaritic-etymologies/file
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Wilfred G. E.|last2=Wyatt|first2=Nicolas|title=Handbook of Ugaritic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z2Jo01iq1YC&pg=PA91|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10988-9|page=91}}
3. ^Ugaritic is alternatively classified in a "North Semitic" group {{cite book|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Lipiński (orientalist)|title=Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiXVqyEkPKcC&pg=PA50|year=2001|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-0815-4|page=50}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vTrT-bZyuPcC|title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|date=2008-04-10|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139469340|location=|pages=5|language=en}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Goetze|first=Albrecht|date=1941|title=Is Ugaritic a Canaanite Dialect?|journal=Language|volume=17|issue=2|pages=127–138|doi=10.2307/409619|jstor=409619}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gaktTQ8vq28C|title=Morphologies of Asia and Africa|last=Kaye|first=Alan S.|date=2007-06-30|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=9781575061092|location=|pages=49|language=en}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Schniedewind|first1=William|authorlink1=William Schniedewind|last2=Hunt|first2=Joel H. |authorlink2=Joel H. Hunt|title=A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2T_4KVwpTQC&pg=PA20|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46698-1|page=20}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Greenstein|first1=Edward L.|title=Texts from Ugarit Solve Biblical Puzzles|journal=Biblical Archaeology Review|date=November 2010|volume=36|issue=6|pages=48–53, 70|url=http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=6&ArticleID=5|accessdate=22 April 2017|language=en}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Cyrus H.|authorlink=Cyrus H. Gordon|title=The Ancient Near East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooY2vgAACAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Norton|page=99}}
10. ^{{cite book|last=Huehnergard|first=John|authorlink=John Huehnergard|title=An Introduction to Ugaritic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfHQx5FUZW8C|year=2012|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1-59856-820-2|page=1}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Gerald H.|title=Ugaritic Word Order and Sentence Structure in KRT|journal=Journal of Semitic Studies|date=1982|volume=27|issue=1|pages=17–32|doi=10.1093/jss/27.1.17}}

The following table shows Proto-Semitic phonemes and their correspondences among Ugaritic, Classical Arabic and Tiberian Hebrew:

Proto-SemiticUgariticClassical ArabicTiberian HebrewImperial Aramaic
sem|b {{IPA|[b]sem|b}} ب ar|DIN|b}} {{IPA|[b]}} ב sem|b/ḇ}} {{IPA|[b/v]}} ב sem|b/ḇ}} {{IPA|[b/v]}}
sem|p {{IPA|[p]sem|p}} ف ar|DIN|f}} {{IPA|[f]}} פ sem|p/p̄}} {{IPA|[p/f]}} פ sem|p/p̄}} {{IPA|[p/f]}}
sem|ḏ {{IPA|[ð]sem|d}};
sometimes {{Transl|sem|ḏ}} {{IPA|[ð]}}		 ذ ar|DIN|ḏ}} {{IPA|[ð]}} ז sem|z}} {{IPA|[z]}} ד (older ז) sem|d/ḏ}} {{IPA|[d/ð]}}
sem|ṯ {{IPA|[θ]sem|ṯ}} {{IPA|[θ]}} ث ar|DIN|ṯ}} {{IPA|[θ]}} שׁ sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}} ת sem|t/ṯ}} {{IPA|[t/θ]}}
sem|ṱ {{IPA|[θʼ]sem|ẓ}} {{IPA|[ðˤ]}};
sporadically {{Transl|sem|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}}		 ظ ar|DIN|ẓ}} {{IPA|[ðˤ]}} צ sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}} ט sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}
sem|d {{IPA|[d]sem|d}} د ar|DIN|d}} {{IPA|[d]}} ד sem|d/ḏ}} {{IPA|[d/ð]}} ד sem|d/ḏ}} {{IPA|[d/ð]}}
sem|t {{IPA|[t]sem|t}} ت ar|DIN|t}} {{IPA|[t]}} ת sem|t/ṯ}} {{IPA|[t/θ]}} ת sem|t/ṯ}} {{IPA|[t/θ]}}
sem|ṭ {{IPA|[tʼ]sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}} ط ar|DIN|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}} ט sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}} ט sem|ṭ}} {{IPA|[tˤ]}}
sem|š {{IPA|[s]sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}} س ar|DIN|s}} {{IPA|[s]}} שׁ sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}} שׁ sem|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
sem|z {{IPA|[dz]sem|z}} ز ar|DIN|z}} {{IPA|[z]}} ז sem|z}} {{IPA|[z]}} ז sem|z}} {{IPA|[z]}}
sem|s {{IPA|[ts]sem|s}} س ar|DIN|s}} {{IPA|[s]}} ס sem|s}} {{IPA|[s]}} ס sem|s}} {{IPA|[s]}}
sem|ṣ {{IPA|[tsʼ]sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}} ص ar|DIN|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}} צ sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}} צ sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}}
sem|l {{IPA|[l]sem|l}} ل ar|DIN|l}} {{IPA|[l]}} ל sem|l}} {{IPA|[l]}} ל sem|l}} {{IPA|[l]}}
sem|ś {{IPA|[ɬ]sem|š}} ش ar|DIN|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}} שׂ sem|ś}} {{IPA|[ɬ]→[s]}} שׂ/ס sem|s/ś}} {{IPA|[s]}}
sem|ṣ́ {{IPA|[(t)ɬʼ]sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}} ض ar|DIN|ḍ}} {{IPA|[ɮˤ]→[dˤ]}} צ sem|ṣ}} {{IPA|[sˤ]}} ע (older ק) sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
sem|g {{IPA|[ɡ]sem|g}} ج ar|DIN|ǧ}} {{IPA|[ɡʲ]→[dʒ]}} ג sem|g/ḡ}} {{IPA|[ɡ/ɣ]}} ג sem|g/ḡ}} {{IPA|[ɡ/ɣ]}}
sem|k {{IPA|[k]sem|k}} ك ar|DIN|k}} {{IPA|[k]}} כ sem|k/ḵ}} {{IPA|[k/x]}} כ sem|k/ḵ}} {{IPA|[k/x]}}
sem|q {{IPA|[kʼ]sem|q}} ق ar|DIN|q}} {{IPA|[q]}} ק sem|q}} {{IPA|[q]}} ק sem|q}} {{IPA|[q]}}
sem|ġ {{IPA|[ɣ]sem|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}} غ ar|DIN|ġ}} {{IPA|[ɣ]}} ע sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}} ע sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
sem|ḫ {{IPA|[x]sem|ḫ}} {{IPA|[x]}} خ ar|DIN|ḫ}} {{IPA|[x]}} ח sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}} ח sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}
sem|ʿ {{IPA|[ʕ]sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}} ع ar|DIN|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}} ע sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}} ע sem|ʿ}} {{IPA|[ʕ]}}
sem|ḥ {{IPA|[ħ]sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}} ح ar|DIN|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}} ח sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}} ח sem|ḥ}} {{IPA|[ħ]}}
sem|ʾ {{IPA|[ʔ]sem|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ء ar|DIN|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}} א sem|ʾ}} {{IPA|[ʔ]}} א/∅ sem|ʾ/∅}} {{IPA|[ʔ/∅]}}
sem|h {{IPA|[h]sem|h}} ه ar|DIN|h}} {{IPA|[h]}} ה sem|h}} {{IPA|[h]}} ה sem|h}} {{IPA|[h]}}
sem|m {{IPA|[m]sem|m}} م ar|DIN|m}} {{IPA|[m]}} מ sem|m}} {{IPA|[m]}} מ sem|m}} {{IPA|[m]}}
sem|n {{IPA|[n]sem|n}};
total assimilation
before a consonant		 ن ar|DIN|n}} {{IPA|[n]}} נ sem|n}} {{IPA|[n]}} נ sem|n}} {{IPA|[n]}}
sem|r {{IPA|[r]sem|r}} ر ar|DIN|r}} {{IPA|[r]}} ר sem|r}} {{IPA|[r]}} ר sem|r}} {{IPA|[r]}}
sem|w {{IPA|[w]sem|w}};
{{Transl|sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}} initially		 و ar|DIN|w}} {{IPA|[w]}} ו sem|w}} {{IPA|[w]}} ו sem|w}} {{IPA|[w]}}
sem|y {{IPA|[j]sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}} ي ar|DIN|y}} {{IPA|[j]}} י sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}} י sem|y}} {{IPA|[j]}}
Proto-SemiticUgariticClassical ArabicTiberian HebrewImperial Aramaic

Grammar

{{Main|Ugaritic grammar}}

Ugaritic is an inflected language, and its grammatical features are highly similar to those found in Classical Arabic and Akkadian. It possesses two genders (masculine and feminine), three grammatical cases for nouns and adjectives (nominative, accusative, and genitive), three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), and verb aspects similar to those found in other Northwest Semitic languages. The word order for Ugaritic is verb–subject–object (VSO) and subject–object–verb (SOV),[11] possessed–possessor (NG), and noun–adjective (NA). Ugaritic is considered a conservative Semitic language, since it retains most of the phonemes, the case system, and the word order of the ancestral Proto-Semitic language.

See also

{{Portal|Ancient Near East}}
  • Northwest Semitic languages
  • Central Semitic languages
  • Semitic languages
  • Proto-Semitic language

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References

  • {{cite book|author1=Bordreuil, Pierre |author2=Pardee, Dennis |lastauthoramp=yes |title=A Manual of Ugaritic: Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic 3 |location=Winona Lake, IN 46590 | publisher=Eisenbraun's, Inc|year=2009|isbn=978-1-57506-153-5}}
  • {{cite book|author1=Cunchillos, J.-L. |author2=Vita, Juan-Pablo |lastauthoramp=yes |title=A Concordance of Ugaritic Words|publisher=Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-59333-258-7}}
  • {{cite book|author1=del Olmo Lete, Gregorio |author2=Sanmartín, Joaquín |last-author-amp=yes |title=A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-90-04-13694-6}} (2 vols; originally in Spanish, translated by W. G. E. Watson).
  • {{cite book|author=Gibson, John C. L.|title=Canaanite Myths and Legends|publisher=T. & T. Clark|year=1977|isbn=978-0-567-02351-3}} (Contains Latin-alphabet transliterations of the Ugaritic texts and facing translations in English.)
  • {{cite book|author=Gordon, Cyrus Herzl|title=The Ancient Near East|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company Press|year=1965|isbn=978-0-393-00275-1}}
  • {{cite book|author=Greenstein, Edward L.|editors=Shlomo Izre'el, Itamar Singer, Ran Zadok |title="On a New Grammar of Ugartic" in Past links: studies in the languages and cultures of the ancient near east: Volume 18 of Israel oriental studies |publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57506-035-4}} Found at [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fKTRZrWTHh4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA397&dq=Edward+L.+Greenstein+Ugaritic&ots=8mScgStP0x&sig=Bma5KRD9V8gleWOrLxtZDRZIy2A#v=onepage&q=Edward%20L.%20Greenstein%20Ugaritic&f=false Google Scholar].
  • {{cite book|author=Huehnergard, John|title=A Grammar of Akkadian, 3rd ed.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2011|isbn=978-1-5750-6941-8}}
  • {{cite book|author=Moscati, Sabatino|title=An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages, Phonology and Morphology|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1980|isbn=978-3-447-00689-7}}
  • {{cite book|author=Parker, Simon B. (ed.) |title=Ugaritic Narrative Poetry: Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta | publisher=Scholars Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7885-0337-5}}
  • {{cite book|author=Pardee, Dennis |title=Rezension von J. Tropper, Ugaritische Grammatik (AOAT 273) Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2000: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft vom Vorderen Orient |location=Vienna, Austria | publisher=Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)|year=2003}} P. 1-404.
  • {{cite book|author1=Schniedewind, William M. |author2=Hunt, Joel H. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-5217-0493-9}}
  • {{cite book|author=Segert, Stanislav|title=A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-520-03999-5}}
  • {{cite book|author=Sivan, Daniel|title=A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik) |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-90-04-10614-7}} A more concise grammar.
  • {{cite book|author=Tropper, J.|title=Ugartische Grammatik, AOAT 273|publisher=Münster, Ugarit Verlag|year=2000}}
  • {{cite book|author=Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) |title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia |location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68498-9 }}

External links

  • Ugarit and the Bible. An excerpt from an online introductory course on Ugaritic grammar (the Quartz Hill School of Theology's course noted in the links hereafter). Includes a cursory discussion on the relationship between Ugaritic and Old Testament/Hebrew Bible literature.
  • "El in the Ugaritic tablets" on the BBCi website gives many attributes of the Ugaritic creator and his consort Athirat.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20031202023745/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/MSmith_BiblicalMonotheism.htm Abstract of Mark Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Text].
  • [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10380.pdf Unicode Chart].
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5 : Languages attested from the 2nd millennium BC|Extinct languages of Asia|Languages of Syria|Northwest Semitic languages|Ugaritic language and literature
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