| 词条 | William Washington Browne |
| 释义 |
| name = William Washington Browne | image = William W. Browne.jpg | alt = | caption = Portrait photograph of William Washington Browne | birth_name = Ben Browne | birth_date = October 20, 1849 | birth_place = Habersham County, Georgia | death_date = {{Death date and age|1897|12|21|1849|10|20}} | death_place = Washington, D.C. | nationality = | other_names = | occupation = | spouse = Mary A. Graham | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} William Washington Browne (October 20, 1849 – December 21, 1897) was a former slave, Union soldier, and the founder of the Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers, also known as the Grand United Order of True Reformers.[1][2] Browne was also a minister and a teacher. Personal lifeBrowne was born into slavery as Ben Browne in Habersham County, Georgia on October 20, 1849 to Joseph Browne and Mariah Browne, both of whom were slaves.[3] He was sold to a horse trader around age eight and after this sale Browne changed his name to William Washington.[4] Browne escaped his owners during the Civil War and joined the Union army, where he remained until he was discharged from service in 1862. After discharge Browne attended school in Wisconsin and began a teaching position in the South, during which time he met and married his wife Mary A. Graham.[5] He was an outspoken proponent of the temperance movement and against the Ku Klux Klan.[6] Brown initially sought to join the Independent Order of Good Templars, but was denied membership because the society was traditionally white. The society did offer Browne the option of opening a sponsored charter named the Grand United Order of True Reformers, which he accepted.[5] Browne died in Washington D.C. December 21, 1897 due to cancer and was buried in Sycamore Cemetery. Grand United Order of True ReformersThe Grand United Order of True Reformers started as a temperance organization and in 1876 Browne was invited to spearhead a new branch of the movement in Richmond, Virginia.[5] When interest in the organization began to decrease Browne began shifting the organization from a temperance society to an insurance organization, a movement that required Browne to move to Richmond in 1880.[4] Over time the organization grew in size to where it managed a bank, ran a newspaper entitled the Reformer, owned several properties, and at one point in time was the largest black fraternal society and black-owned business in the United States.[4][7] During Browne's life the organization enjoyed success, however it suffered crippling setbacks in 1910 due to employee embezzlement and businesses defaulting on large unsecured loans, causing its collapse.[8] Further reading
See also
References1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Watkinson|first1=James D.|title=William Washington Browne and the True Reformers of Richmond, Virginia|journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|date=July 1989|volume=97|issue=3|pages=375–398|jstor=4249094}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Ingham|first1=John N.|last2=Feldman|first2=Lynne B.|title=African-American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary|date=1993|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313272530|pages=112–120|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TTha3NavN-sC&pg=PA119&dq=William+Washington+Browne#v=onepage&q=William%20Washington%20Browne&f=false|accessdate=10 August 2015}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Mjagkij|first1=Nina|title=Portraits of African American Life Since 1865|date=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780842029674|pages=35–49|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DUo-zGOurF8C&pg=PA35&dq=William+Washington+Browne#v=onepage&q=William%20Washington%20Browne&f=false|accessdate=10 August 2015}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Watkinson|first1=James D.|title=William Washington Browne (1849–1897)|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Browne_William_Washington_1849-1897|publisher=Encyclopedia Virginia|accessdate=10 August 2015}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Michael Paul|title=William Washington Browne|url=http://www.richmond.com/special-section/black-history/article_e981cce9-c4a8-5164-aa70-7334860d4c4a.html|publisher=Richmond Times Dispatch|accessdate=10 August 2015}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Kranz|first1=Rachel|title=African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs|date=2004|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0816051014|pages=34–35|url=https://books.google.com/?id=NCHX6P8ETI0C&pg=PA34&dq=William+Washington+Browne#v=onepage&q=William%20Washington%20Browne&f=false|accessdate=10 August 2015}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Mjagkij|first1=Nina|title=Organizing Black America|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0815323099|page=220|url=https://books.google.com/?id=56KH2aisL_UC&pg=PA220&dq=William+Washington+Browne#v=onepage&q=William%20Washington%20Browne&f=false|accessdate=10 August 2015}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fahey|first1=David M.|title=Why some black lodges prospered and others failed: the Good Templars and the True Reformers|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|date=2013|volume=36|issue=2|pages=337–352|doi=10.1080/01419870.2012.676196}} External links
4 : 1849 births|1897 deaths|American slaves|People from Habersham County, Georgia |
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