“Ujung Kulon National Park”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ujung Kulon National Park is at the westernmost tip of Java, in Banten province of Indonesia. It includes the volcanic island group of Krakatoa in Lampung province, and other islands including Panaitan, as well as smaller offshore islets such as Handeuleum and Peucang in the Sunda Strait.

Geography

The park encompasses an area of {{Convert|1,206|km2||abbr=on}} (of which {{Convert|443|km2||abbr=on}} is marine), most of which lies on a peninsula reaching into the Indian Ocean. The explosion of nearby Krakatau in 1883 produced a tsunami (giant wave) that eliminated the villages and crops of the coastal areas on the western peninsula, and covered the entire area in a layer of ash averaging {{Convert|30|cm||abbr=on}} thick.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} This caused the total evacuation of the peninsula by humans, thereby allowing it to become a repository for much of Java’s flora and fauna, and most of the remaining lowland forest on the island.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

History

It is Indonesia's first proposed national park and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991 for containing the largest remaining lowland rainforest in Java. The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa and its tsunami wiped out many settlements in the later park area, and they were never repopulated.^[2]

Parts of today's national park and World Heritage site have been protected since the early 20th century. Krakatoa (or rather, the three islets which remain of it) was declared as a Nature Reserve in 1921, followed by Pulau Panaitan and Pulau Peucang Nature Reserve in 1937, the Ujung Kulon Nature Reserve in 1958, the Gunung Honje Nature Reserve in 1967, and most recently Ujung Kulon National Park in 1992. In 2005 the park was designated as an ASEAN Heritage Park.^[3]

Flora and fauna

Ujung Kulon is the last known refuge for the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros after poachers killed the last remaining rhino in Cát Tiên National Park of Vietnam, where a small population of 10 or less remained in 2010. In Ujung Kulon the population has been estimated at 40-60 in the 1980s.^[4] Within 2001-2010 there have been 14 rhino births identified using camera and video traps.^[5] Based on recordings taken between February and October 2011, 35 rhinoceros have been identified, of which 22 were males and 13 females. Of these 7 were old, 18 adults, 5 youngsters, and 5 infant rhinos.^[6] Increasing from previous years, in 2013 there were 8 calves which 3 of them were female and 50 teenage and adult which 20 of them were female identified using 120 video cameras functioning at night with moving sensor. It was accurate data, because every rhino has unique morphology as finger print, mainly skin wrinkles around the eyes.^[7]

By 2013 feeding areas of Eupatorium odoratum vegetation have been reduced from 10 locations comprising {{Convert|158|ha|}} to 5 locations comprising {{Convert|20|ha|}}. Thus competition for feeding ground between the solitary rhinoceros and banteng also increased.^[8]

The park also protects 57 rare species of plant. The 35 mammal species include banteng, silvery gibbon, Javan lutung, crab-eating macaque, Javan leopard, Sumatran dhole, Java mouse-deer, Javan rusa, and smooth-coated otter. There are also 72 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 240 species of birds.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

The status of crocodiles within the park is largely unknown; sightings are rare and occur occasionally. There are reports of the false gharial within the park, but these are not confirmed. In addition, the saltwater crocodile was historically present throughout Java's coastal river systems but is currently extirpated in these regions. Small, isolated populations of the saltwater crocodile are reported to exist within Ujung Kulon but confirmation is needed.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Extinct

Google Doodle

The search engine company Google, helped raise the profile of the park and celebrate its 25th anniversary by changing the Google logo to a 'doodle' of two Javan rhinos. The doodle was used in Indonesia on February 26, 2017.^[10]

See also

References

1. ^Forestry statistics of Indonesia 2007, retrieved 20 May 2010
2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/07/17/ujung-kulon-memories-paradise.html|title=Ujung Kulon: Memories of paradise|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|access-date=2016-10-10}}
3. ^[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090114221918/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Ujung%20Kulon.pdf UNEP: Ujung Kulon], retrieved 2010-0108
4. ^{{Cite journal | author = van Strien, N.J. | author2 = Steinmetz, R. | author3 = Manullang, B. | author4 = Sectionov, Han | author5 = K.H., Isnan | author6 = W., Rookmaaker | author7 = K., Sumardja | author8 = E., Khan | author9 = M.K.M. | author10 = Ellis, S. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Rhinoceros sondaicus | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2008 | page = e.T19495A8925965 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2008 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/19495/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19495A8925965.en | access-date = 13 January 2018}}
5. ^Antara News: Javan rhinos breed at Ujung Kulon: WWF, 1 March 2011
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/node/171251 |title=Populasi Badak Jawa pada 2011 Sedikitnya 35 Individu |date=December 29, 2011}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/ujung-kulon-national-park-says-it-gained-seven-javan-rhinos/ |title=Ujung Kulon National Park Says It Gained Seven Javan Rhinos |date=February 27, 2014}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://koran-jakarta.com/index.php/detail/view01/127101 |title="Si Cula" Terancam Punah |date=August 25, 2013}}
9. ^{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |author2=Suyono, I. |year=1980 |title=The Javan Tiger and the Meri-Betiri Reserve, a plan for management |publisher=Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/doodles/25th-anniversary-of-ujung-kulon-park |title=25th Anniversary of Ujung Kulon Park |date=February 26, 2017}}