| 词条 | Winter time (clock lag) |
| 释义 |
Winter time is the practice of shifting the clock back (compared to the standard time) during winter months, usually −1 hour. It is a form of daylight saving time which is the opposite compensation to the summer time (+1, +2). However, while summer time is widely applied, use of winter time has been and is very rare. CzechoslovakiaWinter time was applied in Czechoslovakia by government ordinance no. 213/1946 Sb. from 1 December 1946 (3:00→2:00) to 23 February 1947 (2:00→3:00), authorized by act 212/1946 Sb., {{lang|cs|o zimním čase}} ("about the winter time"). This simple two-paragraph act, approved on 21 November 1946 and announced on 27 November 1946, authorised the government to implement winter time by ordinance at any time.[1] The government gave as the main reason for this provision the fact that power plants had approximately 10% lack of capacity in peak hours (07:00–08:00 and 16:00–20:00) and winter time should help to spread the load out.[2] The act was never cancelled and it theoretically authorises the government in the successor Czech Republic, as well as in the Slovak Republic, which adopted Czechoslovak law, to implement winter time again at any time. However, the experiment has never been repeated.[3] Namibia{{see also|Time in Namibia}}Namibia used winter time since 1994 until 2017. In this period Namibian Standard Time was at 00 Central Africa Time in summer, and 00 (West Africa Time) in winter. Winter time began on the first Sunday in April at 03:00, and lasted until the first Sunday in September, 02:00 hours. In the Zambezi Region in the far north-east of Namibia clocks were not changed and remained on Central Africa Time all year round so that during winter time, Namibia spanned two time zones.[4] The Namibian Standard Time was thus UTC+02:00 (derived from South African Standard Time) in summer, and 00 (equivalent to West Africa Time) in winter.[5]The purpose was not to utilise additional hours of daylight in the evening, but to prevent children from walking to school in darkness in the morning, to decrease the risk of injuries and assaults.[4] IrelandIreland uses Irish Standard Time (IST, 00; {{lang-ga|Am Caighdeánach Éireannach}}) in the summer months and Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) in the winter period.[6] Ireland still adjusts clocks in Winter since 1971.[7][8]The Standard Time Act 1968 legally established that the time for general purposes in the State (to be known as standard time) shall be one hour in advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year.[9] This act was amended by the Standard Time (Amendment) Act 1971, which legally established Greenwich Mean Time as a winter time period.[6] Ireland therefore operates one hour behind standard time during the winter period, and reverts to standard time in the summer months. This is defined in contrast to the other states in the European Union, which operate one hour ahead of standard time during the summer period, but produces the same end result. In Ireland, Winter time begins at 02:00 IST on the last Sunday in October (changing to 01:00 GMT), and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March (changing to 02:00 IST).[10][11] ChileUntil 2015, Continental Chile used the time offset 00 and Easter Island used 00 for standard time, with daylight saving time roughly between October and March every year. In January 2015 the Chilean government announced that the entire country will keep the time offset used during daylight saving time permanently.[12][13] Indeed, there was no time change in 2015, however the annual time change was reinstated in 2016 after feedback from the public about an increase in truancy during the winter months,[14] complaints about older computers and other electronic devices not using the right time zone, and fruit growers reporting a 15% loss in productivity.[15] Chile returned to 00 for winter time for 3 months starting in 2016. This begins the second Saturday of May and ends on the second Saturday of August.[16] Since 2017 a new time zone in the Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica region has been implemented, having 2 different hours in Continental Chile for the first time. See also
References1. ^{{lang|cs|Sbírka zákonů a nařízení republiky Československé, částka 92/1946}}, year 1946, batch 92, page 140 in the year, page 1289 globally, issued on 27 November 1946: {{lang|cs|212: Zákon ze dne 21. listopadu 1946 o zimním čase, Národní shromáždění republiky Československé 213: Vládní nařízení ze dne 27. listopadu 1946 o zavedení zimního času v období 1946/1947, Vláda republiky Československé}} 2. ^[https://www.psp.cz/eknih/1946uns/tisky/t0239_00.htm Government proposal of the Winter Time Act and the reason report], {{lang|cs|Ústavodárné Národní shromáždění republiky Československé, tisk č. 239}}, 15 November 1946 3. ^{{lang|cs|Kdy začíná a končí letní čas}}, history of the time adaptation in Czech lands, Kalendář Běda 4. ^1 {{Cite news | title=GRN evaluates winter time change | newspaper=New Era | date=24 March 2016 | page=1 | url=https://www.newera.com.na/2016/03/24/grn-evaluates-winter-time-change/}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers|title=Time change divides lawmakers|last=Immanuel|first=Shinovene|date=23 February 2017|newspaper=The Namibian|page=1}} 6. ^1 Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 7. ^Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 8. ^Standard Time Act, 1968 9. ^Standard Time Act, 1968 10. ^{{Cite web |url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/2011/10/26/00019.asp |title=Topical Issue Debate - Daylight Saving Time |website=Dáil Debates |volume=745 |number=1 |page=19 |date=26 October 2011}} 11. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/si/0506.html |title=S.I. No. 506/2001 - Winter Time Order, 2001 |date=24 October 2001}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.biobiochile.cl/2015/01/28/ministerio-de-energia-elimina-cambio-de-hora-en-chile-regira-horario-de-verano-todo-el-anno.shtml|title = Chile keeps Daylight time|date = January 28, 2015|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} 13. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/chile-abolishes-dst-2015.html|title = Chile abolishes Daylight Saving Time|date = January 29, 2015|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} 14. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.worldtimeserver.com/news/chile-to-switch-back-to-standard-time|title = Chile to switch back to Standard Time|date= |accessdate = April 10, 2016|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} 15. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.freshplaza.com/article/141158/Chile-Fruit-growers-blame-productivity-loss-on-abolition-of-DST|title = Chile: Fruit growers blame productivity loss on abolition of DST|date = June 10, 2015|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} 16. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2016/03/680-672074-9-gobierno-determina-uso-de-horario-de-invierno-por-tres-meses-este-ano.shtml|title = Government determines use of winter schedule for three months this year|date = March 13, 2016|accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} 2 : Timekeeping|Winter time |
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