“Ukraine without Kuchma”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

"Ukraine without Kuchma" was organized by the political opposition, influenced by the infamous Cassette Scandal, presidential elections of 1999, and aimed mainly to demand the resignation of the newly re-elected President Kuchma. The protests did not disappear untraced and resulted in consolidation of the democratic opposition which led to the Orange Revolution.

Beginning of the protests

The first and barely noticed action of the campaign took place on 15 December 2000 on Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square), the main plaza of Kiev, the Ukrainian capital.^[2] The protesters sought Kuchma's stepping down and proper investigations of the disappearance of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.

Growth of political support

Soon, the initiative grew into a mass campaign widely supported by students and opposition activists. The opposition parties, having lost the 1999 Ukrainian presidential election shortly before the scandal, considered the campaign as a natural reason for unification and reinforcement. The protests were organized as a network coalition^[3] and guided by collective leadership. However, Yulia Tymoshenko{{Dubious|date=March 2012}}^[4]^[5] (at the time leading the National Salvation Committee),^[6] Yuriy Lutsenko (at that time representing the Socialist Party of Ukraine) and independent Volodymyr Chemerys became prominent leaders of the action. More than a dozen political parties supported the campaign, among them Socialists, the influential right-centrist People's Movement of Ukraine (both represented in Ukraine's parliament, Verkhovna Rada), extreme-right UNA-UNSO and others. The leaders put aside the political differences between such mutually antagonistic groups and concentrated on anti-authoritarian protest and demands for political freedom. They also united in acceptance of broad{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Western support for the campaign.

Mass phase of the protests

Students and youth constituted the majority of participants, although the campaign gained wide public support. Protesters set up a makeshift tent encampment on the sidewalks of the plaza and neighbouring Khreschatyk Street. Active supporters were living or taking shifts in the tents, while many others occasionally visited the rallies. Discotheques and concerts of liberal-oriented musicians were organized on the plaza. Student strikes took place at some universities. Lviv and some other cities joined the campaign, but to a lesser extent.

Authorities' efforts to tackle the protests

Frightened by the scale and unusual tactics of the campaign, the authorities repeatedly tried to destroy the camp using police and masked provocateurs, but avoided mass clashes. Trying to stop the protests, Kiev's mayor Oleksandr Omelchenko ordered a major reconstruction of the plaza, fencing most of it off. This prevented the protesters from gathering large crowds, but barely affected the campaign. Authorities in some other cities adopted the tactic, announcing "construction work" on their main squares, usually with no activity behind the newly installed fences.

Controversial political impact on Cabinet

Lacking general unity and forming a minority in the Verkhovna Rada, opposition politicians could provide protesters with only limited support, such as initiating a mock impeachment of Kuchma and making parliamentary protest. Pro-Western liberals were constrained in actions since they were backing up Kuchma's Prime Minister, highly-popular reformist Viktor Yushchenko, in his efforts to oppose pro-President oligarchs. The campaigners called on him to support their demands and take the lead. But Yushchenko refused, instead co-signing a highly critical public address with together with Kuchma. Some influential media became biased in favor of the authorities.

Leonid Kuchma received three leaders of the campaign, heard out their daring accusations and demands, but refused to satisfy any. According to Volodymyr Chemerys, the President claimed that he would sack the police Minister Kravchenko (accused in Gongadze's abduction), as protesters demanded, if only Yushchenko suggested this dismissal officially as Prime Minister - which never happened.

March 2001 events and violent ending

Occasional mass demonstrations were organized in front of government buildings. The organizers claimed a strategy of non-violent resistance but failed to sustain it. On 9 March 2001, the birthday of Taras Shevchenko, there were few clashes between protesters and riot police, and dozens were injured: arguably the most violent and populous riots in Ukraine's modern history at the time.^[7] Both sides of the incident blamed the other. Protest leaders argued that police provoked the last and most violent clash near the presidential palace, by blocking a procession and infiltrating it with provocateurs. Indeed, militarized right-wing extremists led the fight. In response, authorities conducted mass arrests in the city, focussing on Ukrainian-speaking youth. Several opposition MPs took advantage of their parliamentary immunity by storming police stations and cars in efforts to release the apprehended.

The public impression of the incident led to a gradual decrease of support for the campaign. Soon, it was declared finished. A group of active participants of the March 9 clashes was convicted and imprisoned.

Long-term effects

Later that year, Prime Minister Viktor Yushchenko was sacked by President Kuchma and joined the opposition. In 2002 parliamentary election, he led the Our Ukraine (Nasha Ukraina) electoral coalition that won the vote, but failed to form a majority in the Verkhovna Rada. Many protests leaders were united in that coalition, while others participated in the Socialist Party and Yulia Tymoshenko Electoral Bloc (the successor of the National Salvation Committee^[6]), which later became the political allies of Our Ukraine.

Yushchenko's campaign in the 2004 presidential election was significantly influenced by the slogans, tactics and general spirit of Ukraine without Kuchma. The Orange Revolution, provoked by massive electoral fraud during the vote, happened in a manner very similar to 2001 campaign and was led mainly by the same politicians and activists.

After becoming the President, Yushchenko appointed Yuriy Lutsenko, one of the leaders of campaign, Minister of the Internal Affairs (i.e. the chief of the militsiya) and Yulia Tymoshenko was appointed Prime Minister^[20]^[21]^[22]

TV coverage

The main events and general trends of Ukraine without Kuchma campaign are studied in "The Face of Protest" TV documentary ({{lang-uk|"Обличчя протесту" – "Oblytchia Protestu"}}) made in 2003 by Andriy Shevchenko. The film is based on the various TV footages of the protests and interviews of the participants on both sides (from campaign leaders to militsioners).

See also

References

1. ^The Procurator General (General Prosecutor) "digs up" after Shkil and other participants of Ukraine without Kuchma (Ukrainian Pravda, December 15, 2010)
2. ^¹The First Revolution: 10 years later, The Ukrainian Week (11 March 2011)
3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=X0PAQrsx-6YC&pg=PA33 Revolution in Orange:The Origins of Ukraine’s Democratic Breakthrough] by Anders Aslund & Michael McFaul, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-87003-221-9}} (page 33)
4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=ciKIBazTof8C&pg=PA351 Central and East European Politics:From Communism to Democracy] by Sharon Wolchik and Jane Curry, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-4068-2}} (page 351)
5. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=ck7j26KuoKcC&pg=PA34 The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics:Successes and Failures] by Donnacha Ó Beacháin and Abel Polese, Routledge, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-415-58060-1}} (page 34)
6. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA4295 Europa World Year Book 2], Routledge, 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-85743-255-8}}, page 4295
7. ^2001: mass clashes with militsia (Ukrainian Pravda, Mar. 9, 2011)
8. ^Массовые акции протеста пройдут 9 марта в Киеве
9. ^В Киеве проходит акция протеста против президента Кучмы
10. ^В Киеве 7 человек избиты, 20 арестованы во время митинга оппозиции в честь 187-летия Тараса Шевченко
11. ^Участники акции "Украина без Кучмы" атаковали здание администрации президента
12. ^«Одинадцята заповідь Христа — «Не бійся!»
13. ^Киевская милиция опровергает сообщения об избиении участников митинга в Киеве у памятника Тарасу Шевченко
14. ^В Киеве разгромлен штаб УНА-УНСО, арестованы 70 членов организации
15. ^В Киеве продолжается противостояние милиции и участников акции "Украина без Кучмы"
16. ^Участников митинга в Киеве могут обвинить в преступлении против государства
17. ^2001: масові сутички з міліцією - апофеоз "України без Кучми"
18. ^9 березня 2001 року: спогади і прогнози від ініціаторів "України без Кучми"
19. ^9 березня Хроніка історичного дня
20. ^Ukraine's Gold-Plaited Comeback Kid, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (September 23, 2008)
21. ^{{Cite Ukrainian law|type=Presidential decree|number=144/2005|law=144/2005|name=On the recognition of Y. Tymoshenko as the Prime Minister of Ukraine|date=2004-02-04}}
22. ^Ukraine timeline, BBC News