“Ullmann reaction”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Ullmann reaction or Ullmann coupling is a coupling reaction between aryl halides and copper.^[1] The reaction is named after Fritz Ullmann.^[2]

Ullmann-type reaction is the copper-promoted conversion of aryl halides to aryl ethers, aryl thioethers, and aryl amines.^[3] Ullmann-type reactions are comparable to Buchwald-Hartwig reactions.

Mechanism

Ullmann coupling

The mechanism of the Ullmann reaction is extensively studied. Complications arise because the reactions are often heterogeneous, especially those starting with metallic copper. Radical intermediates are not observed by Electron spin resonance. Oxidative addition/reductive elimination sequence seem likely, but perhaps in one-electron steps in some cases. Copper(III) has been rarely observed but is increasingly invoked in this area of catalysis.^[4] Initial organocopper intermediates are speculated to be the copper(I) species ArCu and CuX or the copper(II) species ArCuX (other ligands omitted).^[5]

Ullmann-type reactions

In the case of Ullmann-type reactions (aminations, etherifications, etc. of aryl halides), the reaction involves copper(I) alkoxide or copper(I) amides. The copper(I) reagent can be generated in situ from the aryl halide and copper metal. Even copper(II) sources are effective.^[4] A number of innovations have been developed with regards to copper reagents.^[5]

These copper(I) compounds subsequently react with the aryl halide in a net metathesis reaction:

In the case of C-N coupling, kinetic studies implicate oxidative addition reaction followed by reductive elimination.^[6]

Scope

A typical example of classic Ullmann biaryl coupling is the conversion of ortho-chloronitrobenzene into 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl with a copper - bronze alloy.^[7]^[8]

The traditional version of the Ullmann reaction requires harsh reaction conditions, and the reaction has a reputation for erratic yields. Because of these problems many improvements and alternative procedures have been introduced.^[9]^[10]

The classical Ullmann reaction is limited to electron deficient aryl halides and requires harsh reaction conditions. Modern variants of the Ullman reaction employing palladium and nickel have widened the substrate scope of the reaction and rendered reaction conditions more mild. Yields are generally still moderate, however.^[11] In organic synthesis this reaction is often replaced by palladium coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction, the Hiyama coupling, and the Sonogashira coupling.

Biphenylenes had been obtained before with reasonable yields using 2, 2 diiodobiphenyl or 2, 2 diiodobiphenylonium ion as starting material.

Closure of 5-membered ring are more favorable more facile, but larger rings have also been made using this approach.

Unsymmetric and asymmetric couplings

Ullmann synthesis of biaryl compounds can be used to generate chiral products from chiral reactants.^[14] Nelson and collaborators worked on the synthesis of asymmetric biaryl compounds and obtained the thermodynamically controlled product.^[12]

The diastereometric ratio of the products is enhanced with bulkier R groups in the auxiliary oxazoline group.

Unsymmetrical Ullmann reactions are rarely pursued but have been achieved when one of the two coupling components is in excess.^[10]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite journal | title = The Ullmann Synthesis of Biaryls | author = P.E. Fanta | journal = Synthesis | volume = 1974 | issue = | pages = 9–21 | year = 1974 | url = | doi = 10.1055/s-1974-23219 }}
2. ^{{cite journal |title=Ueber Synthesen in der Biphenylreihe |author1=F. Ullmann |author2=Jean Bielecki | journal = Chemische Berichte | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 2174–2185 | year = 1901 | url = | doi = 10.1002/cber.190103402141 }}
3. ^{{cite journal|title=p-Nitrodiphenyl Ether|authors=Ray Q. Brewster, Theodore Groening|journal=Org. Synth.|year=1934|volume=14|page=66|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.014.0066}}
4. ^{{cite journal|title=Acridone|authors=C. F. H. Allen, G. H. W. McKee|journal=Org. Synth.|year=1939|volume=19|page=6|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.019.0006}}
5. ^{{cite journal|title=Preparation of 1-Methoxy-2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)benzene|authors=Elizabeth Buck, Zhiguo J. Song|journal=Org. Synth.|year=2005|volume=82|page=69|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.082.0069}}
6. ^¹{{cite journal|title=Mechanism of the Ullmann Biaryl Ether Synthesis Catalyzed by Complexes of Anionic Ligands: Evidence for the Reaction of Iodoarenes with Ligated Anionic Cu^I Intermediates|authors=Ramesh Giri, Andrew Brusoe, Konstantin Troshin, Justin Y. Wang, Marc Font, John F. Hartwig|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|year=2018|volume=140|pages=793–806|doi=10.1021/jacs.7b11853}}
7. ^{{cite journal|title=2,2'-Dinitrobiphenyl|authors=Reynold C. Fuson, E. A. Cleveland|journal=Org. Synth.|year=1940|volume=20|page=45|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.020.0045}}
8. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Fanta | first1 = P.E. | year = 1974 | title = The Ullmann Synthesis of Biaryls | url = | journal = Synthesis | volume = 1974 | issue = | pages = 9–21 | doi = 10.1055/s-1974-23219 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Beletkaya | first1 = I.P. | last2 = Cheprakov | first2 = A.V. | year = 2004 | title = Copper in Cross Coupling Reactions: The Post Ullman Chemistry | url = | journal = Coord. Chem. Rev. | volume = 248 | issue = | pages = 2337–2364|doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.014}}
10. ^¹{{cite journal | title = Aryl-Aryl Bond Formation One Century after the Discovery of the Ullmann Reaction |author1=J. Hassan |author2=M. Sevignon |author3=C. Gozzi |author4=E. Schulz |author5=M. Lemaire | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 102 | issue = 5 | pages = 1359–1470 | year = 2002 | url = | doi = 10.1021/cr000664r| pmid=11996540}}
11. ^¹Nelson, T. D.; Crouch, R. D. Org. React. 2004, 63, 265. {{doi|10.1002/0471264180.or063.03}}
12. ^¹{{cite journal | last1 = Nelson | first1 = T.D. | last2 = Meyers | first2 = A.I. | year = 1994 | title = The asymmetric Ullman reaction, 2. The synthesis of enantiomerically pure C₂-Symmetric Binaphtyls | url = | journal = J. Org. Chem. | volume = 59 | issue = | pages = 2655–2658 | doi=10.1021/jo00088a066}}