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词条 Women's Protection Units
释义

  1. History

  2. Ideology

  3. Foreign Volunteers

  4. Supply

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

  8. External links

{{Distinguish|YPG}}{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Women's Protection Units
| native_name = {{lang-ku|Yekîneyên Parastina Jin}} (YPJ)
{{lang-ar|وحدات حماية المرأة}}
| image = File:YPJ Flag.svg
| caption = YPJ flag
| dates = April 2013–present
| commander1 = Nesrin Abdullah
| commander1_label = General Commander[1]
| commander2 = Meryem Kobanî
| commander2_label = Kobanî commander[2]
| commander3 = Sewsen Bîrhat
| commander3_label = Aleppo commander[3]
| allegiance = {{flag|Democratic Federation of Northern Syria}}[4]
  • Democratic Union Party

| commander4 = Rojda Felat
| commander4_label = Leading commander for Raqqa operations[5][6]
| type = Light infantry (militia)
| branch = Female service units
| size = 5,000 {{small|(2017 estimate)}}{{sfnp|Rashid|2018|p=16}}
| command_structure = Syrian Democratic Forces (since 2015)
| website = {{Official website|http://ypjrojava.org/english}}
| battles = Syrian Civil War
  • Rojava conflict
    • Battle of Aleppo
    • Battle of Ras al-Ayn
    • Kurdish–Islamist conflict
    • Siege of Kobanî
    • Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
    • Battle of Sarrin
    • Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)
    • Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)
    • Tell Abyad offensive
    • Battle of al-Hasakah
    • Al-Hawl offensive
    • Al-Shaddadi offensive
    • Tishrin Dam offensive
  • Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)
  • Operation Olive Branch
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)
  • December 2014 Sinjar offensive
  • November 2015 Sinjar offensive

| identification_symbol =


| identification_symbol_label = Emblem
}}

The Women's Protection Units or Women's Defense Units ({{lang-ku|Yekîneyên Parastina Jin}}, YPJ, pronounced Yuh-Pah-Juh;[7] {{lang-ar|وحدات حماية المرأة|Waḥdāt Ḥimāyat al-Marʼa}}; {{lang-syc|ܚܕܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܬܪܐ ܕܢܫ̈ܐ|Ḥdāywāthā dha-Sutārā dha-Neshē}}) is an all-female militia actively fighting in Northern Syria.[8] The YPJ is one of the main two armed forces in Rojava, the other being the People's Protection Units (Yekîneyên Parastina Gel, YPG) militia, which includes both men and women.[9] While the YPJ, and the YPG in general, is mainly associated with Kurds, the organization also includes other ethnoreligious groups of Northern Syria.[10]

History

Women have been involved in Syrian Kurdish Resistance fighting since as early as 2011 when the mixed-sex YXG was founded, later to be renamed YPG in 2012.[11] The YPJ was founded as a strictly women’s organization on April 3, 2013[11] with the first battalion formed in Jindires.[12] All female fighters who were previously part of the YPG mixed units automatically became members of the YPJ. Initially, there was just one YPJ battalion in each of the three cantons of Rojava, but battalions were quickly established in every neighborhood, expanding the organization.[11]

As of late 2014, the YPJ had over 7,000[14] (or 10,000, according to TeleSUR)[9] volunteer fighters between the ages of 18 and 40.[14] By November 2016, the number of Arab and Kurdish YPJ fighters had reportedly risen to 20,000.[6] As of March 2017, the group was alleged to have 24,000 members.[15]

In the Syrian Civil War, the YPJ and the YPG have fought against various groups in Northern Syria, including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and was involved in the Siege of Kobanî beginning in March 2014, with various Kurdish media agencies reporting that "YPJ troops have become vital in the battle".[8][14] In the Battle of Kobane, prior to receiving the support of Western powers, the YPJ was forced to hold off ISIL attacks using only "vintage Russian Kalashnikovs bought on the black market, handmade grenades, and tanks they put together out of construction vehicles and pick-up trucks."[10] It was not until October 2014 that the United States began coordinating air strikes with the YPJ-YPG fighters on the ground.[10]

Additionally, the YPG, YPJ and the PKK were involved in an August 2014 military operation at Mount Sinjar, where up to as many as 10,000 Yazidis were rescued from genocidal attacks[12] at the hands of ISIL.[10][13] ISIL had taken control of most areas around Mount Sinjar after pushing out the Kurdish Peshmerga forces.[14] Because ISIL views the Yazidis as "a community of devil worshipers"[15] those formerly inhabiting the town of Sinjar were forced to flee into the mountains. This left many Yazidis, including children and the elderly, without food, shelter, or resources.[15] Those still in the town were either massacred by ISIL or forced into sexual enslavement.[16]

Along with the help of US air strikes, the attacking force was able to create a {{convert|30|km}} safe zone for the Yazidi refugees to escape ISIL capture. The refugees were then moved into Northern Syria, with most later departing for safer areas of Iraqi Kurdistan.[17][18]

YPJ continues to fight alongside YPG as part of the multi-ethnic Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).[10] The YPJ was involved in battles such as the SDF offensive against the major IS strongholds in Tabqa and Raqqa, serving as the main proxy[19] force (along with the YPG) for the United States.[16] During Operation Olive Branch, the Turkish offensive against Afrin Canton, YPJ units were again heavily involved in the fighting.[17] Guerilla warfare tactics were among the tactics used against Turkey and their allies.

Ideology

{{main|Democratic Union Party (Syria)#Ideology|Abdullah Öcalan#Democratic confederalism|Jineology}}

The YPJ is politically aligned to the PYD, which bases its libertarian socialist philosophy on the writings of Abdullah Öcalan,[20] the leading ideologue in the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), who is imprisoned by the Turkish government. Central to YPJ ideology is the PYD feminist ideological concept of "Jineology".[21]

Dating back to the early 1990’s, Öcalan had been advocating that a ‘basic responsibility’ of the Kurdish movement was to liberate women. He argued that gender equality and women’s liberation is necessary for Kurdish liberation. The PKK established its first all-female units of guerrillas in 1995, claiming that in order to “break down gender roles solidified by centuries, women had to be on their own.”[21] The YPJ adheres to the same strand of feminist ideology. Having joined the YPJ, women must spend at least a month practicing military tactics and studying the political theories of Öcalan, including Jineology. In any communal decision, regarding the YPJ/YPG or otherwise, it is required that no less than 40% of women participate.[22]

The group has been praised by feminists for confronting traditional gender expectations and redefining the role of women in conflict in the region.[23][23] They play a role in changing the Islamic thinking and societal traditions by taking arms. These women say they are changing their community and society by doing so.[24] The YPJ has attracted considerable international attention as an example of significant achievement for women in a region in which women are systematically disadvantaged.[25][26][27][28][29][30]

Another all-female force in Northern Syria is the Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces, which was formed as an Assyrian all-female brigade of the Syriac Military Council, seemingly inspired by the example of the YPG. The Al-Bab Military Council, Jabhat al-Akrad and Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa have also established their own female units.[31][32]

Foreign Volunteers

On March 16, 2018, Anna Campbell, a woman of British descent, became the first British woman to die while fighting as a part of the YPJ. Campbell had left her home in Lewes, East Sussex to go to Rojava and join the YPJ. She was killed in the city of Afrin during a YPJ confrontation with Turkish military forces.[33] Since her enlistment, a number of other British women, such as Rûken Renas, have also signed up to fight with the YPJ.[34]

Hanna Bohman is another YPJ fighter hailing from the western hemisphere, in her case Canada. After nearly dying in a motorcycle incident, Bohman decided to leave her home in Vancouver, Canada to join the YPJ in February 2014.[35]

Additionally, Arab and Yazidi women that the YPJ liberated from ISIS have also begun joining fight against their former oppressors.[36] The YPJ has set up institutions where these women are trained both militarily, as well as in fields such as feminist history and philosophy.[37] The Yazidi population has since created its own self defense force, the YBS, that is trained by and works with the YPJ-YPG.[38]

Supply

The YPJ relies on local communities for supplies and food.[23] The YPJ (along with the YPG) received 27 bundles totaling 24 tons of small arms and ammunition as well as 10 tons of medical supplies from the United States and the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraqi Kurdistan during the Siege of Kobanî.[39]

See also

  • Kurdish women
  • Kurdistan
  • Rojava conflict
  • Sinjar Resistance Units
  • Women in warfare and the military (2000–present)
  • Kimmie Taylor
  • Anna Campbell

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Syrian Kurds' morale high but arms needed, YPJ commander|url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2015/06/22/syrian-kurds-morale-high-but-arms-needed-ypj-commander_90972a99-8ba7-41a7-b002-be9f9ea141d8.html|publisher=ANSAMed|accessdate=31 July 2015}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://civiroglu.net/2014/11/13/ypj/|title=Interview with YPJ Commander in Kobane and Mishtenur Hill|accessdate=13 November 2013|date=17 November 2014}}
3. ^{{cite news|title=Aleppo: New Group of YPG/YPJ Fighters Graduated from Training Course|url=http://ypgrojava.com/en/index.php/news/605-aleppo-new-group-of-ypg-ypj-fighters-graduated-from-training-course|publisher=YPG Rojava|date=23 April 2015|accessdate=2 May 2015|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081108/http://ypgrojava.com/en/index.php/news/605-aleppo-new-group-of-ypg-ypj-fighters-graduated-from-training-course|archivedate=18 May 2015|df=}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/13112013|title=PYD announces surprise interim government in Syria's Kurdish regions|publisher=Rudaw|accessdate=9 October 2014|date=13 November 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/profil-rojda-felat-1.3239571|title=Profil - Rojda Felat. Kommandeurin der Offensive gegen den IS in Raqqa und Bismarck-Fan. [Profile - Rojda Felat. Commander of the offensive against the IS in Raqqa and Bismarck-Fan]|work=Süddeutsche Zeitung|language=German|author=Moritz Baumstieger|date=9 November 2016|accessdate=1 January 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ypgrojava.org/Wrath-of-Euphrates-Operations-Room,-commandant-Rojda-Felat,-Northern-Raqqa|title=Wrath of Euphrates Operations Room, commandant Rojda Felat, Northern Raqqa|publisher=YPG|date=10 December 2016|accessdate=1 January 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/TheLionsOfRojava/posts/938491246238750 |title=#YPJ Female Fighters Shaking #ISIL... - The Lions Of Rojava|work=facebook.com|accessdate=4 December 2015}}
8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Kurdish-Women-Turning-Kobani-into-a-Living-Hell-for-Islamic-State-20141014-0072.html|title=Kurdish Women Turning Kobani into a Living 'Hell' for Islamic State|date=14 October 2014|publisher=Telesurtv.net|accessdate=21 October 2014}}
9. ^De Jong, A. (2016). A commune in rojava? New Politics, 15(4), 69-76. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.siena.edu:2048/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.siena.edu/docview/1787724245?accountid=13858
10. ^1 2 3 4 Tax, Meredith. A Road Unforeseen: Women Fight the Islamic State. New York: Bellevue Literary Press, 2016.
11. ^1 2 Knapp, Michael. 2016. Revolution in Rojava : Democratic Autonomy and Women’s Liberation in Syrian Kurdistan. [Place of publication not identified]: Pluto Press. http://ezproxy.siena.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1375769&site=ehost-live.
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/kurds-press-sinjar-operation-in-north-iraq-1.1429595|title=Kurds press Sinjar operation in north Iraq|website=gulfnews.com|access-date=2018-12-05}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/inspirational-women/these-are-the-women-battling-isis|title=These Remarkable Women Are Fighting ISIS. It's Time You Know Who They Are|work=Marie Claire|accessdate=21 October 2014}}
14. ^Johnlee Varghese. 2014. “ISIS Threat: Kurdish Forces Rescue 10,000 Yazidis from Sinjar Mountains.” International Business Times: Indian Edition (India), August 10. http://ezproxy.siena.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsnbk&AN=14FA1CEFB7EECD48&site=eds-live.
15. ^1 Johnlee Varghese. 2014. “ISIS Threat: 25,000 Children Starving in Sinjar Mountains [Photos].” International Business Times: Indian Edition (India), August 6. http://ezproxy.siena.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsnbk&AN=14F8CD602F2D1278&site=eds-live.
16. ^Report on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 6 July – 10 September 2014. UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Retrieved 4 April 2015.
17. ^Varghese, Johnlee. "ISIS Threat: Kurdish Forces Rescue 10,000 Yazidis from Sinjar Mountains." International Business Times: Indian Edition (India), August 10, 2014. https://www.ibtimes.co.in/isis-threat-kurdish-forces-rescue-10000-yazidis-sinjar-mountains-606510.
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle-east/140827/if-it-wasn-t-the-kurdish-fighters-we-would-have-died-there|title='If it wasn't for the Kurdish fighters, we would have died up there'|last=Shelton|first=Tracey|date=29 August 2014|publisher=Global Post|accessdate=11 February 2015}}
19. ^Gardner, David. 2017. “Chaos Reigns as Isis Loses Its Grip on Raqqa.” The Financial Times. http://ezproxy.siena.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.488572836&site=eds-live.
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/02/03/the-pro-woman-ideology-battling-islamic-state/|title=One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon – female fighters|last=Argentieri|first=Benedetta|date=3 February 2015|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Reuters}}
21. ^1 Paul White, “Democratic Confederalism and the PKK’s Feminist Transformation,” in The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains (London: Zed Books, 2015), pp. 126-149.
22. ^Knapp, Michael. 2016. Revolution in Rojava : Democratic Autonomy and Women’s Liberation in Syrian Kurdistan. [Place of publication not identified]: Pluto Press.
23. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/middle-east/islamic-state/60758/ypj-the-kurdish-feminists-fighting-islamic-state#ixzz3GjjLHvDw|title=YPJ: The Kurdish feminists fighting Islamic State|date=7 October 2014|work=The Week UK|accessdate=21 October 2014}}
24. ^{{nl}} [https://decorrespondent.nl/2206/Hoe-de-strijd-tegen-IS-de-Koerdische-vrouw-emancipeert/457593401474-8fbb535b How the fight against ISIS empowered Kurdish women] The Correspondent, 17 December 2014
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/05032015|title=Female Kurdish fighters battling ISIS win Israeli hearts|work=Rudaw|accessdate=8 March 2015}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctQFgDabh1U|title=The Fight Against ISIS in Syria And Iraq December 2014 by Itai Anghel|date=22 December 2014|work=The Israeli Network via YouTube|accessdate=8 March 2015}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://tin.tv/site/show/cat2/fact-2012-uvda|title=Fact 2015 (Uvda) – Israel’s leading investigative show|date=22 December 2014|work=The Israeli Network|accessdate=8 March 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226214203/http://tin.tv/site/show/cat2/fact-2012-uvda|archivedate=26 February 2015|df=}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/world/26122014|title=Kurdish female fighters named ‘most inspiring women’ of 2014|work=Rudaw|accessdate=8 March 2015}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/kobani-how-sacrifice-local-knowledge-heroism-kurdish-female-fighters-beat-isis-1487358|title=Kobani: How strategy, sacrifice and heroism of Kurdish female fighters beat Isis|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=8 March 2015}}
30. ^{{cite web|title=Meet The Kurdish Women Fighting ISIS|url=http://all-that-is-interesting.com/female-isis-fighters|website=All That Is Interesting|accessdate=16 October 2016|date=11 June 2015}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/11/inspired-kurdish-ypj-units-al-bab-military-council-launches-female-battalion-fight-isis/|title=Inspired by Kurdish units, al-Bab Military Council creates all-female battalion - ARA News|date=1 November 2016|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105234328/http://aranews.net/2016/11/inspired-kurdish-ypj-units-al-bab-military-council-launches-female-battalion-fight-isis/|archivedate=5 November 2016|deadurl=yes|accessdate=24 November 2016|df=}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://jabhetakrad.com/?p=2477|title=بيان إلى الرأي العام|publisher=}}
33. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/19/briton-kurds-anna-campbell-dies-fighting-turkey-syria-afrin|title=British woman killed fighting Turkish forces in Afrin|last=Blake|first=Matt|date=2018-03-19|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-12-05|issn=0261-3077}}
34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/23/thousands-could-die-female-british-fighter-rukan-renas-urges-support-for-syrias-kurds|title=‘Thousands could die’: female British fighter urges support for Syria's Kurds|last=Blake|first=Matt|date=2018-03-23|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-12-05|issn=0261-3077}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.elleuk.com/life-and-culture/culture/longform/a40578/hanna-bohman-canadian-isis-ypj/|title=Meet The Canadian Who Fights ISIS Alongside 10,000 Women|last=O'Malley|first=Katie|date=2017-12-20|website=ELLE|access-date=2018-12-05}}
36. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/raqqa-latest-yazidi-women-fighters-ygs-isis-massacre-syria-iraq-a7988461.html|title='We want revenge': Meet the Yazidi women freeing their sisters from Isis in Raqqa|date=2017-10-08|website=The Independent|access-date=2018-12-05}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/female-kurdish-fighters-ypj-set-up-new-training-academies-arab-yazidi-women-to-fight-isis-a7508951.html|title=So many women have volunteered to fight Isis they need to build new academies for female fighters|date=2017-01-04|website=The Independent|access-date=2018-12-05}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20140806125221.htm|website=www.aina.org|access-date=2018-12-05}}
39. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/20/turkey-iraqi-kurds-kobani-isis-fighters-us-air-drops-arms|title=US drops weapons and ammunition to help Kurdish fighters in Kobani|last1=Istanbul|first1=Constanze Letsch in|work=the Guardian|accessdate=31 December 2015}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book

|last=Rashid
|first=Bedir Mulla
|translator=Obaida Hitto
|title= Military and Security Structures of the Autonomous Administration in Syria
|language=
|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180701140230/http://omranstudies.org/publications/reports/download/68_d403f01ed28320cb2e67b13cffb381c7.html
|orig-year=1st pub. 2017
|date= 2018
|publisher= Omran for Strategic Studies
|location= Istanbul
|isbn=
|ref=harv}}

External links

{{Commons category|Women's Protection Units}}{{Syrian Kurdistan topics}}{{Kurdish nationalist organisations}}{{Syrian Civil War}}

11 : Apoist organizations in Syria|All-female military units and formations|Anti-ISIL factions in Syria|Feminism in the Middle East|Kurdish organisations|Military wings of political parties|National liberation armies|People's Protection Units|Syrian Democratic Forces|Syrian Kurdish organisations|Women in war
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