词条 | World Congress of Universal Documentation |
释义 |
The World Congress of Universal Documentation was held from 16 to 21 August 1937 in Paris, France. Delegates from 45 countries met to discuss means by which all of the world's information, in print, in manuscript, and in other forms, could be efficiently organized and made accessible. The Congress in the history of information scienceThe Congress, held at the Trocadéro[1] under "the auspices" of the Institute Internationale de Bibliographie,[2] was "the apotheosis" of a general movement in the 1930s towards the classification of the growing mass of information and the improvement of access to that information.[3] For the first time in the history of information science, technological means were beginning to catch up with theoretical ends, and the discussions at the conference reflected that fact.[4] Its participation in the Congress was one of the first projects of the American Documentation Institute (ADI).[5] Participants in the conference discussed what has been more recently called "a continuously updated hypertext encyclopedia."[6] Joseph Reagle sees many of the ideas considered at the conference as forerunners of some of the key goals and norms of Wikipedia.[6] MicrofilmThe main resolution adopted by the congress proposed that microfilm be used to make information universally available.[7] Watson Davis, chairman of the American delegation and president of the ADI, stated that the volume of information being produced created difficult problems of access and preservation, but that these could be solved by the use of microfilm.[8] In his address to the Congress, Davis said:
The Congress included two separate exhibits on microfilm. One was of the equipment used at the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the other, coordinated by the University of Chicago, consisting of "an entire microfilm laboratory," complete with cameras, a darkroom, and various kinds of reading machines.[1] Emanuel Goldberg presented a paper on an early copying camera he had invented.[10] Other resolutions passed by the Congress concerned uniform standards for the preparation of articles, for classifying books and other documents, for indexing newspapers and periodicals, and for cooperation between libraries.[7] H. G. Wells{{See also|World Brain}}In his address to the Congress, H. G. Wells said that he thought that his idea of the "world brain" was a precursor to the ideas other delegates were proposing, and explicitly linked the projects being discussed to the work of the encyclopédistes:
Other participantsParticipants in the Congress included authors, librarians, scholars, archivists, scientists, and editors. Some of the notable people in attendance not mentioned above were:[12] {{Colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Richards|first=Pamela Spence|title=Scientific information in wartime: the Allied-German rivalry, 1939-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FrDdRCVAAIC&pg=PA15|accessdate=11 October 2011|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29062-6|page=15}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Barua|first=Brahmanda Pratap|title=National policy on library and information systems and services for India: perspectives and projections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBB8drHUz7YC&pg=PA63|accessdate=11 October 2011|year=1992|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-730-2|page=63}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Rabinovitz|first1=Lauren|last2=Geil|first2=Abraham|title=Memory bytes: history, technology, and digital culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3tW158IX8MC&pg=PA81|accessdate=11 October 2011|date=February 2004|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3241-1|page=81}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Ockenfeld|first1=Marlies|last2=Samulowitz|first2=Hansjoachim|title=The History and Heritage of Scientific and Technological Information Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76OOQannpBgC&pg=PA314|accessdate=11 October 2011|publisher=Information Today, Inc.|page=314ff|chapter=Libraries and Documentation in Germany: A Long-lasting Conflict}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Allen|title=Encyclopedia of library and information science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3VxxzNJcfkC&pg=PA15|accessdate=11 October 2011|date=27 February 1985|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-2038-4|page=15}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Reagle|first1=Joseph Michael |last2=Lessig|first2=Lawrence|authorlink2=Lawrence Lessig|title=Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml7SlTq8XvIC&pg=PA26|accessdate=11 October 2011|date=30 September 2010|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-01447-2|page=26}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal|title=The World Congress of Universal Documentation|journal=Science|date=1 October 1937|volume=86|issue=2231|pages=303–304|jstor=1665491|doi=10.1126/science.86.2231.303-a}} 8. ^{{cite journal|title=Unpublished Manuscript to Be Accessible to Scholars|journal=The Science News-Letter|date=21 August 1937|volume=32|issue=854|pages=124|jstor=3913966|doi=10.2307/3913966}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=Watson|title=How Documentation Promotes Intellectual World Progress|journal=The Science News-Letter|date=9 October 1937|volume=32|issue=861|pages=229–231|jstor=3913336|doi=10.2307/3913336}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|last=Buckland|first=Michael Keeble|title=Emanuel Goldberg and his knowledge machine: information, invention, and political forces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCddw5cVjVgC&pg=PA183|accessdate=11 October 2011|date=April 2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31332-5|page=183ff}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last=Wells|first=H.G.|title=Today's Distress and Horrors Basically Intellectual: Wells|journal=The Science News-Letter|date=9 October 1937|volume=32|issue=861|pages=229|jstor=3913335|doi=10.2307/3913335}} 12. ^{{cite journal|title=Documentation Congress Step toward Making 'World Brain'|journal=The Science News-Letter|date=9 October 1937|volume=32|issue=861|pages=228–9| jstor=3913334|doi=10.2307/3913334}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Day|first=Ronald E.|title=The Modern Invention of Information: Discourse, History, and Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kg1-hoW88nEC&pg=PA21|accessdate=11 October 2011|date=7 February 2008|publisher=SIU Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2848-2|page=21}} 14. ^1 {{cite book|last=Wedgeworth|first=Robert|title=World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSFu99FCJwQC&pg=PA644|accessdate=11 October 2011|date=1 January 1993|publisher=ALA Editions|isbn=978-0-8389-0609-5|page=644}} 1 : Information science |
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