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词条 Writers of Guru Granth Sahib
释义

  1. Categorization of authors

     Sikh gurus  Bhagats  Bhatts  

  2. Individuals and their contributions

  3. Controversial authors:Mardana and Tall

  4. Notes

  5. References

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Guru Granth Sahib Ji ({{lang-pa|ਗੁਰੂ ਗਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ }} ਜੀ;{{lang-hi|गुरु ग्रन्थ साहिब जी}};{{IPA-pa|ɡʊɾu ɡɾəntʰ sɑhɪb|}}), is the central religious text of Sikhism, considered by Sikhs to be the final sovereign Guru of the religion.[1] It contains 1430 Angs (pages), containing hymns of 36 saint mystics which includes Sikh guru sahiban (6 gurus), Bhagats (15 bhagats), Bhatts (11 bhatts) and gursikhs (4 gursikhs). It is the only religious script in the world that contains views and ideology of people of other religions, castes and creeds. It also contains teachings of Sikh gurus themselves and was written by Bhai Gurdas Ji (first version) and by Bhai Mani Singh Ji (second version).

Categorization of authors

Generally, Scholars categorize authors of Guru Granth Sahib into four groups:

  1. Sikh Gurus
  2. Bhagats
  3. Bhatts
  4. Gursikhs

Sikh gurus

{{main|Sikh gurus}}

Philosophically, Sikhs are bound to believe in Shabad Guru but general belief is that The Sikh Gurus established Sikhism over the centuries, beginning in the year 1469. There are 6 Sikh Gurus whose hymns are present in Guru Granth Sahib:

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|*Guru Nanak Dev Ji
  • Guru Angad Dev Ji
  • Guru Amar Das Ji
  • Guru Ram Das Ji
  • Guru Arjan Dev Ji
  • Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

}}

Bhagats

In above list, the Bhagats ({{lang-pa|ਭਗਤ}}, from Sanskrit भक्त) were holy men of various sects whose teachings are included in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji. Their bani come under title Bani Bhagtaan Ki. The word "Bhagat" means devotee, and comes from the Sanskrit word Bhakti, which means devotion and love. Bhagats evolved a belief in one God that preceded Bhagat Kabir ji selected the writings of The Great Hindu Bhaktis and Sufi saints.

Among above, below is the list of Bhagats:[2]

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|* Bhagat Kabir ji
  • Bhagat Ravidas ji
  • Bhagat Farid ji
  • Bhagat Ramanand ji
  • Bhagat Beni ji
  • Bhagat Namdev ji
  • Bhagat Sadhana ji
  • Bhagat Bhikhan ji
  • Bhagat Parmanand ji
  • Bhagat Sain ji
  • Bhagat Dhanna ji
  • Bhagat Pipa ji
  • Bhagat Surdas ji
  • Bhagat Jaidev ji
  • Bhagat Trilochan ji

}}

Bhatts

Many Hindu Saraswat Brahmins who started to follow the word of Guru Nanak Dev were known as Bhatts. There are 11 Sikh Bhatts whose banis are included in Guru Granth Sahib:

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|* Bhatt Kalshar
  • Bhatt Balh
  • Bhatt Bhalh
  • Bhatt Bhika
  • Bhatt Gayand
  • Bhatt Harbans
  • Bhatt Jalap
  • Bhatt Kirat
  • Bhatt Mathura
  • Bhatt Nalh
  • Bhatt Salh

}}

Individuals and their contributions

Background Details and No. of Hymns
Name Timeline No. of Hymns
Guru Nanak 15th Century 974[3]
Guru Angad 16th Century 62[3]
Guru Amar Das 16th Century 907[3]
Guru Ram Das 16th Century 679[3]
Guru Arjan 16th Century 2218[3]
Guru Tegh Bahadur 17th Century 116[3]
Bhagat Jaidev 13th Century[4] 2
Bhagat Farid 13th Century [4][5]{{refn>group=note|Their authenticity is doubtful, some of these may be by his successors, rather than Farid's compositions.[5]}}
Bhagat Ramanand 14th Century 1
Bhagat Namdev 14th Century 62
Bhagat Trilochan 14th Century 5
Bhagat Parmanand 14th Century 1
Bhagat Dhanna 14th Century 4
Bhagat Bhikhan 14th Century 2
Bhagat Beni 14th Century 3
Bhagat Pipa 14th Century 1
Bhagat Sain 14th Century 1
Bhagat Surdas 14th Century 2
Bhagat Sadhana 14th Century 1
Bhagat Ravidas 15th Century 41
Bhagat Kabir 15th Century[3]{{refn>group=note|Unlike hymns of others, Kabir's hymns are mostly very short verses.[3] Different editions show confusion of actual author. One hymn, for example, was designated as Kabir-nama, was changed by Guru Arjan to have been authored by Namdev.[6]}}
Baba Sundar 15th Century 6
Satta and Balvand 15th Century 1 var[4]
Bhatt Kalshar 15th Century 54
Bhatt Balh 15th Century 5
Bhatt Bhalh 15th Century 1
Bhatt Bhika 15th Century 2
Bhatt Gayand 15th Century 13
Bhatt Harbans 15th Century 2
Bhatt Jalap 15th Century 5
Bhatt Kirat 15th Century 8
Bhatt Mathura 15th Century 14
Bhatt Nalh 15th Century 16
Bhatt Salh 15th Century 3

Controversial authors:Mardana and Tall

There are two more writers of present recension of Adi Granth which is matter of debate among various scholars: Bhai Mardana and Bhatt Tall.

As per various scholars:

  • There are two hymns under title Mardana 1[7] is composition of Bhai Mardana but other refute the claim, as there is pen name Nanak is used inside the hymn[8] and Mardana is type of Shalok.
  • Similarly, there is a Swaiya in name of Bhatt Tall,[9] which according to some scholars is Gurmukhi Typo as it is Kal i.e Bhatt Kalshar.[10]

Notes

1. ^{{cite book | last = Keene | first = Michael | title = Online Worksheets | publisher = Nelson Thornes | year = 2003 | page = 38 | isbn = 0-7487-7159-X}}
2. ^{{cite journal | author = Bahri, H. |author2=Bansal, G.S. |author3=Puran, B. |author4=Singh, B. |author5=Singh, B. |author6=Buxi, L.S. |author7=Chawla, H.S. |author8=Chawla, S.S. |author9=Das, D. |author10=Dass, N. | year = 2000 | title = 4. Bhagats and Saints | journal = Studies | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–93 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/t4p212hg5756m497.pdf | accessdate = 2008-07-04|display-authors=etal}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|author1=Christopher Shackle|author2=Arvind Mandair|title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=xviii–xix}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Kerry Brown|title=Sikh Art and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddgO-DldmSwC&pg=PA114|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-63136-0|pages=114–115 (Appendix II)}}
5. ^1 {{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC |year=1995|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|page=217}}
6. ^{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC |year=1995|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=48-49}}
7. ^Page 553, Adi Granth, Translation of Sant Singh Khalsa
8. ^ਇਸ ਸਲੋਕ ਮੈਂ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਮਰਦਾਨੇ ਕੇ ਪੂਛਨੇ ਸੇ ਤਿਸ ਕੇ ਪ੍ਰਤਿ ਗੁਰਮੁਖਤਾ ਅਰੁ ਮਨਮੁਖਤਾ ਕੀ ਮਦਰਾ ਕਾ ਰੂਪੁ ਬਰਨਨ ਕਰਤੇ ਹੈਂ ਔਰੁ ਦੋ ਪਰਕਾਰ ਕੀ ਮਦਿਰਾ ਮਨਮੁਖੋਂ ਕੀ ਔਰੁ ਗੁਰਮੁਖੋਂ ਕੀ ਕਹੀ ਹੈ॥ ਪ੍ਰਥਮ ਮਨਮੁਖੋਂ ਕੀ ਮਦਿਰਾ ਕਹਤੇ ਹੈਂ॥: Fareedkoti Teeka, Adi Granth
9. ^ਟਲ' ਜੀ ਕਹਤੇ ਹੈਂ ਹੇ ਭਾਈ ਐਸੇ ਸਤਿਗੁਰੋਂ ਕੋ ਸਹਜ ਸੁਭਾਵਕ ਨਿਰੰਤਰ ਹੀ ਸੇਵੀਐ ਹੇ ਭਾਈ ਸਤਿਗੁਰੋਂ ਕੇ ਦਰਸਨ ਕਰਨੇ ਤੇ ਜਨਮ ਮਰਨ ਦੁਖ ਜਾਤਾ ਰਹਿਤਾ ਹੈ॥੧੦॥: Page 1392, Teeka Fareedkoti, Adi Granth
10. ^Page 1392: ਟਲ = ਹੇ ਟੱਲ! ਹੇ ਕਲ੍ਯ੍ਯ! ਹੇ ਕਲ੍ਯ੍ਯਸਹਾਰ!: Teeka by Professor Sahib Singh, Adi Granth

References

{{Reflist}}{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}

1 : Guru Granth Sahib
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