| 词条 | Umschlagplatz |
| 释义 |
|above=Umschlagplatz of the Warsaw Ghetto |image1= |caption1=National monument at the Ghetto's former Umschlagplatz symbolizing an open freight car, Stawki Street, Warsaw |image2= |caption2=Polish Jews loaded onto trains at the Warsaw Ghetto }} An Umschlagplatz ({{lang-de|collection point or reloading point}}) was a holding area set up by Nazi Germany adjacent to a railway station in occupied Poland, where the ghettoised Jews were assembled for deportation to death camps during the ghetto liquidation. The largest such collection point consisted of a city square in occupied Warsaw next to the Warsaw Ghetto, used for several months during daily deportations of 254,000 – 265,000 Warsaw Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp.[1][2] A monument was erected in 1988 on Stawki Street, where the Umschlagplatz was located, to commemorate the deportation victims. Another prominent example included the Radogoszcz station Umschlagplatz adjacent to the Łódź Ghetto where prisoners were brought under military escort for deportations directly to Chełmno (Kulmhof) and Auschwitz extermination camps.[3][4] For logistical reasons, the victims awaiting the arrival of Holocaust trains were often kept at the Umschlagplatz overnight during Operation Reinhard,[5] the deadliest phase of the Holocaust in Poland.[6] The same term in the German language is used commonly to denote a place where all goods for rail transport are handled.[7] Umschlagplatz of the Warsaw GhettoDuring the Grossaktion Warsaw, which began on 22 July 1942, Jews were deported in crowded freight cars to Treblinka twice daily, in the early morning, often after an overnight wait, and in mid-afternoon. On some days as many as 10,000 Jews were deported. An estimated 300,000 Jews were taken to the Treblinka gas chambers; some sources describe it as the largest killing of a community in World War II. The mass deportation action ended on 21 September 1942, although trains to Treblinka continued to depart from 19 April 1943 until the end of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943.[8] The Warsaw Umschlagplatz was created by fencing off a western part of the Warszawa Gdańska freight train station that was adjacent to the ghetto. The area was surrounded by a wooden fence, later replaced by a concrete wall. Railway buildings and installations on the site, as well as a former homeless shelter and a hospital were converted into a prisoner selection facility. The rest of the train station served its normal function for the rest of the city during the deportations. The railway leading to the square was originally constructed in 1876, as a side rail to the city's main line. Warehouses and other buildings were built between 1921 and 1935. After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, and the occupation of the country, the square came under the administration of a dedicated German institution, the Transferstelle ("Transfer Bureau"). Originally its purpose was to oversee the flow of goods between the newly established Warsaw Ghetto and the "Aryan Side" of Warsaw. At the time the ghetto's inhabitants referred to the square as "Umschlag". At the end of January 1942 the southern portion of the square was incorporated into the ghetto. Deportations to TreblinkaStarting in July 1942 the buildings located around the square began to be used by the Germans as places of selection. Jews were gathered and held there before deportation to the Treblinka death camp. The headquarters of the SS units responsible for the selections and deportations were located in the building of the old elementary school on Stawki Street. The Umschlagplatz was divided into two parts. The southern part, which was located within the walled ghetto, was the gathering point where those destined for transport awaited the arrival of the trains. The northern part included the rail and station where people were physically loaded onto the trains for Treblinka. Initially the roundups for the Umschlagplatz were supervised by the Jewish Ghetto Police. Houses or entire blocks were cordoned off and then all the inhabitants were forced to gather in a controlled spot, such as a closed off street or a tenement's courtyard. After a check of documents, the individuals were forced, under escort, to proceed to the Umschlagplatz. Emptied buildings were searched and those found hiding were either killed on the spot or joined with those proceeding to the square. Some young men were moved to the so-called Dulag, an internment camp, from which some were sent to labor camps rather than death camps. The order in which the ghetto's blocks were emptied was organized by the Germans. Beginning in August, German-run workhouses and factories (szopas) and the offices of the Judenrat were also cordoned off, and the personnel sent to the Umschlagplatz as well. Most of the people arriving in the Umschlagplatz were taken there via Zamenhof Street. MonumentOn 18 April 1988, on the eve of the 45th anniversary of the outbreak of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, a stone monument resembling an open freight car was unveiled to mark the Umschlagplatz. The inscription on four commemorative plaques in Polish, Yiddish, English and Hebrew reads: {{quote|Along this path of suffering and death over 300 000 Jews were driven in 1942-1943 from the Warsaw Ghetto to the gas chambers of the Nazi extermination camps.}}The 400 most popular Jewish-Polish first names, in alphabetical order from Aba to Żanna, are engraved on the monument. Each one commemorates 1,000 victims of the Warsaw Ghetto. The gate is surmounted by a syenite grave stone (donated by the government and society of Sweden) with a motif of a shattered forest – a symbol of the extermination of the Jewish nation. The selection and sequence of colours of the monument (white with the black stripe on the front wall) refer to the Jewish ritual clothing.[9] The monument was created by architect Hanna Szmalenberg and sculptor Władysław Klamerus. It replaced a commemorative plaque unveiled in the late 1940s. In 2002 the monument site and the adjacent school buildings were listed in the Register of Historic Monuments.[10] {{Gallery|title=Warsaw Umschlagplatz commemoration|width=230|height=160|lines=3|align=center|File:Umschlagplatz Warsaw 4.JPG|Commemorative plaques and Jewish first names engraved on the monument |File:Umschlagplatz Warsaw 1.JPG|Umschlagplatz Monument, syenite grave stone |File:Umschlagplatz - The ghetto tram.jpg|The original ghetto tram in front of the Umschlagplatz Monument }} See also{{commons category|Umschlagplatz}}
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |via=Internet Archive |author=Holocaust Encyclopedia |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119021035/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |archivedate=2012-01-19 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite book |author=Robert Moses Shapiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnMMxHaUzT8C&pg=PA35&dq=%22Gross+Aktion+of+July+to+September%22&sig=ACfU3U2v8vxVVvQvrwBAtw4t7bXPyj_E1Q |title=Holocaust Chronicles |publisher=KTAV Publishing Inc |year=1999 |ISBN=0-88125-630-7 |page=35}} 3. ^{{cite book |title=Surviving Despair: A Story about Perseverance |author=Herman Taube |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2007 |ISBN=1434348466 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsPpzzhE6BoC&q=umschlagplatz+%28courtyard%29}} 4. ^{{cite book |title=Underground, The Story of A People |author=Joseph Tenenbaum |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing |year=2016 |ISBN=1786257963 |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fU5vCwAAQBAJ&q=%22Umschlagplatz+of+Lodz%22}} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Words to Outlive Us: Eyewitness Accounts from the Warsaw Ghetto |author=Michal Grynberg |publisher=Macmillan |year=2003 |ISBN=1466804343 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7f1QXWDu4gC&q=Umschlagplatz+overnight}} 6. ^{{cite book |author=Gitta Sereny |title=Into That Darkness |publisher=Pimlico / Random House |orig-year=1974 |pages=48, 330–331 |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IshTvCJsgZQC&q=Polish+Jews+exterminated}} 7. ^{{cite book |title=Das Figurativ der Vagabondage: Kulturanalysen mobiler Lebensweisen |authors=Johanna Rolshoven, Maria Maierhofer |publisher=Verlag |year=2014 |ISBN=3839420571 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GajJBAAAQBAJ&q=Umschlagplatz}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |title=Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |publisher=US Holocaust Memorial Museum |date=10 June 2013 |accessdate=25 August 2013 |author=Holocaust Encyclopedia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502213631/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188 |archivedate=2 May 2012 }} 9. ^Wiesław Głębocki, Warszawskie pomniki, Wydawnictwo PTTK "Kraj", Warszawa 1990, p. 108 10. ^Rejestr'>zabytów nieruchomych - Warszawa {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AqxM49aa?url=http://www.nid.pl/UserFiles/File/Rejestr%20Zabytk%C3%B3w/rejestr%20zabytk%C3%B3w%20nieruchomych%20-%20stan%20na%2031%20grudnia%202011/MAZ-WAR-rej.pdf |date=2012-09-21 }} Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa, p. 47, Retrieved 11 August 2012 Bibliography
5 : History of Warsaw|The Holocaust in Poland|Holocaust terminology|Squares in Warsaw|Warsaw Ghetto |
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