“Wyangala”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Wyangala {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|aɪ|æ|ŋ|g|ɑ:|l|ə}} is a small village in the Lachlan Valley, near the junction of the Abercrombie and Lachlan Rivers, just below the Wyangala Dam wall. It is in the South West Slopes of New South Wales, Australia, and about {{convert|320|km|abbr=on}} west of the state capital, Sydney.

The village was named after an indigenous word of unknown meaning, thought to be of Wiradjuri origin. The Wiradjuri were the original inhabitants of the Lachlan Valley, with campsites along river flats, on open land and by rivers. Their traditional way of life was altered, and perhaps lost, following the exploration of the valley by British explorers, John Oxley and George William Evans in 1815. White settlement followed in the 1830s, leading to violent clashes between the Wiradjuri and the settlers.

The present-day village was established in 1928, during the construction of Wyangala Dam. However, in the same area, there was a scattered pioneering settlement known as Wyangala Flats, which was established in the 1840s. This settlement was submerged under water following the completion of Wyangala Dam in 1935.

Although Wyangala grew substantially during periods of dam construction, the population dwindled in the subsequent years. This resulted in the removal of houses and the closure of most businesses, leaving Wyangala with a small primary school, a Catholic church, sports fields and parks, in addition to other facilities. There are no buildings of historical note, as the original purpose of the village was to solely provide utilitarian accommodation for the construction workers.

Attractions in the area include Lake Wyangala (used for power generation, water-sports and fishing activities), a nine-hole golf course, walking and mountain bike trails, and the {{convert|1.37|km|abbr=on}} long dam wall itself. Wyangala has a warm and temperate climate with a diverse range of native and exotic plants and animals, including threatened and endangered species. The flora, fauna and village residents occupy a hilly landscape dominated by granite, with large rock outcrops and boulders throughout the entire area.

History

The Wiradjuri people and European settlement

The Wiradjuri people were the original custodians of the region surrounding Wyangala. These skilled hunter-fisher-gatherers wore possum-skin cloaks and lived along river flats, on open ground and by rivers. They were, and still remain, the largest indigenous group in New South Wales, with tribal lands encompassing the Macquarie, the Lachlan and the Murrumbidgee rivers.^[2]

Archaeological investigations have identified over 200 Wiradjuri campsites around Wyangala, suggesting the native population in the area was originally high.^[3] Campsites were located on gentle hill slopes, on elevated crests and on alluvial/colluvial terraces near the Lachlan River course.^[4]

The name 'Wyangala' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|aɪ|æ|ŋ|g|ɑ:|l|ə}})^[5] originates from a Wiradjuri word of unknown meaning.^[6] However, similar sounding words in the Wiradjuri language indicate it may mean troublesome or bad (wanggun) white (ngalar).^[7] The village, situated adjacent the Lachlan River, inherited this name, as did the scattered pioneering settlement of Wyangala Flats.

On 27 May 1815, Deputy Surveyor George William Evans was the first European to discover the headwaters of the Lachlan River, naming it in honour of the NSW Governor, Lachlan Macquarie. Two years later Lieutenant John Oxley, with Evans by his side, explored the Lachlan from its junction with the Belubula River to the Great Cumbung Swamp, a distance of {{convert|1450|km|abbr=on}}. As Oxley progressed down the Lachlan, he had friendly encounters with the Wiradjuri people, noting that the language they spoke was distinctly different from that used by the indigenous population on the coast.^[8] By the time Oxley had reached the Cumbung Swamp, he could advance no further due to the presence of 'impassable' marshland, eventually being forced to abandon the journey and to turn back. Oxley believed he had reached a marshy inland sea, concluding that the interior of Australia was 'uninhabitable' and unfit for settlement.^[9]

Despite Oxley's bleak assessment of the Lachlan Valley, European settlement of the area began several years after the expedition. In 1831 Arthur Rankin and James Sloan, both cattlemen from Bathurst, were the first white settlers to move into the Valley.^[10] Encroachment on traditional Wiradjuri lands resulted in violent clashes between the indigenous population and the settlers. In the midst of this ongoing conflict, new land was made available in the Wyangala area by the colonial government. By the 1840s occupation licenses for land at Wyangala Flats were being auctioned from the Bathurst Police Office,^[11] and by 1860 country lots at Wyangala were selling from the Boorowa Police Office for £1 an acre.^[12] At this time and until the construction of the 1935 dam, the land at Wyangala was primarily used for wool production.^[13]

The conflict with the Wiradjuri people lessened by the 1850s, as gold mining and free selection brought new settlers to the area. The unrelenting tide of Europeans overwhelmed the indigenous population, resulting in the occupation of traditional lands, the destruction of sacred sites, and perhaps most damaging of all, the introduction of new diseases. This eventually led to the displacement and the decline of the Wiradjuri people.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Gold and bushrangers

Gold mining was prevalent in the nearby Mount McDonald area in the late 1800s and early 1900s after reef gold was discovered in 1880. The quartz reefs were found by Donald McDonald and his party as they were prospecting the mountain ranges around Wyangala. It was mere chance that McDonald happened upon the gold — he had failed to find the precious metal in areas where he was looking. On the day of the discovery, he was returning to his campsite and saw sunlight reflecting off something beneath a tree, this turned out to be the first piece of gold, which eventually led to the discovery of two gold-rich quartz reefs. As news of his discovery spread, miners were drawn to the area and slowly the township of Mount McDonald 'grew in the midst of the forest'.^[17] In its prime, the town had

By the late 1920s, as mining declined, the town faded away.^[19] A hamlet of no more than 4 or 5 houses exists where the Mt McDonald township once stood.

Although most of the gold mining activity was limited to Mount McDonald, alluvial gold and precious gems were also found along the banks of the Lachlan River at Wyangala in the early 1900s. However, the find was not significant enough to see commercial interest.^[10]^[20]

The discovery of gold in other parts of New South Wales in the years prior to that found at Mount McDonald, led to increased bushranger activity. During the 1860s and 1870s the Lachlan Valley had serious problems with bushrangers, notably gangs led by Frank Gardiner, John Gilbert and Ben Hall, amongst others.^[21] Frank Gardiner was one of the most successful bushrangers of the time. His final robbery, which also was to be his greatest haul, occurred in 1862 at Eugowra Rocks. In this instance, Gardiner along with Ben Hall, John Gilbert and others, robbed a 'gold escort' carrying in the range of ₤14,000–₤22,000 in gold and cash.^[19]^[22] It was rumored that Gardiner convinced the gang members to bury their share of the gold in a mountain cave near Wyangala.^[23]

Gardiner was to give the gang members a signal when it was safe to recover the gold. This was never to happen, as Gardiner was eventually exiled to the United States after being sent to prison. Five years after the heist, an Irishman arrived in New South Wales with a rough map marking the location of the gold, purportedly drawn by Gardiner. Even with this map and years of searching, no trace of the gold was ever found.^[23] By the late 1800s improved police efficiency was bringing to a close the era of the bushranger, many of whom had been gaoled, exiled, shot or hanged. This decline in criminal activity coincided with a general push to populate the region, the introduction of telegraph communications, and the development of transport infrastructure.^[24]

20th century

By the early 1900s, unreliable river flows were stifling development in the Lachlan Valley.^[25] In 1902 the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales recognised the need for water conservation. Recurrent droughts and their associated effects on waterways, were impacting production and causing significant livestock deaths. The Assembly considered options to address the problem, including a proposal to build a reservoir at Wyangala. Previous surveys of the Lachlan Valley had identified Wyangala as being the only suitable location for a large water storage.^[26]^[27] These early discussions eventually led to the construction of the 1935 dam and the beginnings of present-day Wyangala village.

1928–1935 dam construction

To promote development in the region and to provide a reliable water supply, a dam was needed to regulate the Lachlan river-flow.^[9] Following the completion of Burrinjuck Dam on the Murrumbidgee River, work started on Wyangala Dam.^[25] The official sod-turning ceremony to mark the beginning of the A£1.3 million project was performed by the NSW Premier, Sir Thomas Bavin, on 17 December 1928.^[28] The ceremony was not conducted in the usual manner of turning over a sod of soil, it was achieved through the detonation of explosives, removing tonnes of earth and rock.^[29]

The 'galvanized-iron town of Wyangala' was established to house the construction workers on land once owned by the Green family — pioneering settlers.^[19] By January 1930 Wyangala had become a bustling center with 450 workers and their families in the village, and 74 children attending the new primary school.^[30] In the words of a district resident

This major undertaking was not without incident. Four men died during the construction of the dam, the first being Leslie Jeffrey, falling into the Lachlan River and drowning in 1929.^[32] His death was followed by that of Walter Watt, a laborer (1931), Wickliffe Brien, a dogman (1931) and Patrick Lewis, a carpenter (1933).^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]

The original pioneering settlement and cemetery were submerged under water after the dam was completed in 1935.^[19]^[37]

1961–1971 dam upgrade

Due to concerns about the original dam capacity to withstand floods and a projected increase in demand for water by the agricultural industry in the region, Wyangala Dam was upgraded and enlarged from 1961 to 1971. Housing for the workers and their families was provided in temporary demountable dwellings within the village. At this time and also during the 1935 dam build, utilitarian construction prevailed, giving Wyangala no dwellings of historical note.^[13]

The ten year, A£18 million enlargement project increased the storage capacity of the dam threefold.^[38] The total surface area of the upgraded reservoir was {{convert|5,390|ha|abbr=on}}, storing {{convert|1220000|ML|abbr=on}} (two and a half times the volume of Sydney Harbour), within a catchment of {{convert|8300|km2|abbr=on}}.^[39]^[40]

The opening ceremony for the upgraded dam was scheduled to be performed by Sir Roden Cutler, Governor of NSW on February 8, 1971.^[41] However, because of heavy rains and road flooding three days prior to the event, the opening was delayed until August 6, 1971. Over 2000 guests and officials attended the ceremony. In the months and years following the dam opening, the population of Wyangala decreased significantly; houses used by workers on the north-west and north-east sides of the village were removed, leaving only the houses seen in the present day village, just below the dam wall.^[13]

Post office, school and church

By March 1929, with dam construction underway (see above), up to 60 letters arrived in the village every day or two, whenever a vehicle made the trip from Cowra to Wyangala. With over 350 workers and their families already in the growing village, the lack of a post office or telegraph office was a great inconvenience to the residents.^[42]^[43] To alleviate this issue, and to provide the residents with a reliable postal service, Wyangala Dam Post Office was opened on 14 March 1929. The newly opened post office stamped mail with a Type 2C postmark, which had a full stop after the ‘W’ of ‘N.S.W.’.^[25]

Throughout the subsequent years, the village post office became an integral part of the Wyangala community, providing the expected postal and, at times, banking services (as an agent for the Commonwealth Bank of Australia). In the post-telegraph era, a manual telephone exchange was also located within the post office. The postmaster/mistress would run the telephone exchange in conjunction with running the post office. The telephone exchange was automated in the late 1980s and the post office itself was closed in 1998.^[44]

Wyangala Dam Public School was established not long after the opening of the village post office, in 1929. At the time it was the district's second school. Its initial purpose was to provide primary level education for the children of the Dam construction workers. Since establishment, the school has been located at three different sites around the village. The first was near the present-day bowling club, and then near the Vic Roworth Conference Center, and finally during the 1960s, it was moved to its current location on Waugoola Road. Notably, there was an earlier school at Wyangala, which was established 22 years prior. This school ran for six years and closed in 1913.^[13]

The number of children attending the school has varied widely over the years, ranging from 70+ in 1930, to 160 in the 1960s, to 20+ in the early 1980s, to under 10 in the 2000s.^[13]^[45]^[46]

The first church in Wyangala was a small building made from timber and corrugated iron, built during the construction of the 1935 dam. As with the village school, it was originally located near the present-day country club, opposite the bowling green. After the dam was completed, the church was purchased by Mr Bert Priddle and transported to a property near Grenfell, where it was re-erected and licensed as an Anglican place of worship on 17 November 1935, eventually becoming consecrated by Bishop Wylde on 19 August 1953.^[47]^[48]

The current church, St Vincent's, was built at the center of the village under the direction of Aub Murray, with interdenominational help. It is of cinder block construction, with an iron roof. The church was officially opened on 19 November 1954. The day after the opening, as preparations were being made for the first mass, a storm knocked down the rear wall of the church. Rebuilding the wall delayed the first mass until 5 December 1954.^[49]

Murder

The only recorded case of a suspected murder in Wyangala village occurred in July 1935, when the coroner, Mr H. D. Pulling found the death of Mr John Neilson, a worker at the dam, was caused by a bullet wound to the head. The suspects were named as Mrs Mavis Neilsen (the victim's wife) and Mr Claude Charnock (a family friend). Both suspects claimed the shooting was accidental and self-inflicted. However, evidence from the post mortem, conducted by Dr Mahon of Cowra, and that of another witness, indicated the wound could not be self-inflicted.^[50]

The suspects were charged and brought to trial in September 1935, the Crown alleging that they conspired together to kill Mr John Neilson. A short time into the trial, before the prosecution could complete their case, there was a dramatic turn of events when the jury indicated they did not wish to continue, as 'the evidence was not good enough to convict the accused'. The prosecutor appealed to the jury to wait to hear more witness and police testimony. However, after taking no more than a few seconds to consider the request, the jury members agreed there was no point continuing. Consequently, the judge acquitted both the accused and allowed them to go free.^[51]^[52]^[53]

Community

Education, church hall and sport

The village has a small one-teacher primary school, Wyangala Dam Public School, located on Waugoola Rd. Students come from the nearby rural area, the villages of Wyangala and Darbys Falls, and the Mt McDonald hamlet. The school emphasises environmental education and runs a plant nursery, which provides trees and other flora to the local community.^[46]

Not far from the school, also on Waugoola Rd, there is a Catholic church, St Vincent's, which serves as a community hall for village activities, in addition to providing mass services on Saturdays and Sundays.^[54]

Adjacent the village is a nine-hole golf course, bowling green, tennis courts and cricket field. These facilities are managed by the Wyangala Country Club.^[55]

In August 2013 Wyangala Cricket Oval was officially renamed Matt Morrison Oval, in honour of Matt Morrison who had died earlier in the year. Development of the Wyangala Cricket Club oval and much of the sponsorship of the Wyangala Golf Club was attributed to him.^[56]

Sports clubs in Wyangala include the fishing, cricket, golf, bowling and ski clubs. The Fishing Club (Wyangala Danglers) has regular events and fishing competitions throughout the year, including inter-club competitions. The Cricket Club competes in a district cricket competition with surrounding towns including, Carcoar, Morongla, Canowindra, Grenfell and Cowra teams. The Golf Club, on the other hand, has occasional challenges and events during the year; and the Bowling Club holds regular casual meetings.^[55] The Ski Club has a club house on Main Beach of Wyangala Dam and holds occasional events during the year.

Food, services and attractions

The Wyangala Country Club, on the hillside opposite the village, has one restaurant, the Country Club Bistro, in addition to having a bar and entertainment facilities.^[57] Locals congregate at the club for regular sports club meetings, for discussion forums addressing important village issues, and for other community activities.

The village Service Station/store is located at the nearby Wyangala Waters State Park entrance. The store has a range of fishing and camping supplies, in addition to take away food and other goods.^[58]

Wyangala has two conference venues, the first being the Vic Roworth Conference Center within the village, and the other being the community hall in Wyangala Waters State Park. Both have seating capacities for tens of participants.^[59]

There is one holiday house in the village, near Wyangala Dam Public School.^[60] Additional accommodation is found at Wyangala Waters State Park, which contains numerous powered and unpowered camping sites, five bungalows, three cottages, one lodge, seven cabins and Jayco ensuite cabins.^[61]

As early as the mid 1930s, Wyangala was earmarked as a major tourist attraction and important fishing ground for the Lachlan Valley.^[62] The objective of turning Wyangala into a 'national playground' and resort was the vision of Reg Hailstone, a civic leader of the 1940s and 1950s.^[63]^[64] Although Wyangala never became a 'tourist resort', Hailstone's vision for a national playground was fulfilled over the proceeding years.

Through the spring and summer seasons, Lake Wyangala is also utilised for various water sports, such as canoeing, jet-skiing, sailing, swimming and water skiing. There are walking and mountain bike trails through bushland near the village and the State Park, and houseboat hire is available for those seeking the opportunity to explore the lake and catch fish. Waterslides located within the Park are currently not operating.^[66] Dissipater Park, just below the Dam wall, has BBQ facilities for picnics and other gatherings.^[67]

The {{convert|1.37|km|abbr=on}} long Dam wall is a notable landmark in the Lachlan Valley. It is {{convert|85|m|abbr=on}} high (as tall as a 25 story building),^[39] and has a width at its base of {{convert|304|m|abbr=on}}.^[68] It can be viewed from various locations around the village and from nearby lookouts, as well as from many kilometers away on Darbys Falls Road. Historically, it was possible to drive across the top of the wall. However, as of June 2014, vehicle access was closed following the completion of an alternative access road (Trout Farm Road) and bridge downstream of the village.

Geography

Location and demographics

Wyangala is situated in the Australian state of New South Wales, approximately {{convert|320|km|abbr=on}} west of Sydney. It lies in an area known as the South West Slopes, a region extending from north of Cowra, through southern New South Wales, and down into western Victoria.

The Wyangala population dropped from 227 in the {{CensusAU|2011}} ^[69] to 182 in the {{CensusAU|2016}}^[70]. The population comprises 42.8% females and 57.2% males, with an average age of 57 years, 19 years above the Australian average. 77.7% of people living in Wyangala were born in Australia. Other countries of birth included England 4.0%, New Zealand 2.3% and Scotland 2.3%. The religious make up is Anglican 30.3%, No Religion 24.0%, Catholic 23.4%, and Uniting Church 4.6%.

65.6% of the people living in Wyangala are employed full-time, and 18.8% are working on a part-time basis. The unemployment rate is 6.2%, 0.7% below the national average of 6.9%. The main occupations of people from Wyangala are Managers 28.8%, Clerical and Administrative Workers 16.9%, Labourers 11.9%, Technicians and Trades Workers 11.9%, Machinery Operators And Drivers 11.9%, Sales Workers 8.5%, Professionals 5.1%, Community and Personal Service Workers 5.1%. The median rent in Wyangala is $100 per week and the median mortgage repayment is $910 per month.^[70]

Water resources

The Lachlan Valley is a region of New South Wales (NSW), which extends from Crookwell in the east, to Oxley in the west of the state. It covers a catchment area of {{convert|84700|km2|abbr=on}}, making up 10% of NSW.^[71] It is one of the most important agricultural regions in Australia; accounting for 14% of the state's agricultural production. Lake Wyangala is the only major water storage within the Valley — supplying water to over {{convert|88000|ha|abbr=on}} of irrigated land.^[38] In addition to what is utilised by agricultural irrigators and horticulturalists, water from the reservoir is also used for: general industry, mining industries, recreational purposes, stock and domestic supplies, town water supply and aquatic habitat protection.^[72]^[73]

A hydro-electric power station is located below the Wyangala Dam wall, beside the village, at Dissipater Park. It generates an average output of 42.9 gigawatt-hours (154 TJ) per annum. This is enough electricity to supply almost 6400 three-person households in the area, assuming {{convert|6723|kWh|abbr=on}} per household per year.^[74]

Biota, geology and climate

Wyangala has a diverse range of native and exotic plants and animals, including vulnerable, threatened and endangered species. Flora and fauna found in and around the village include:^[65]^[75]

The local Wyangala landform is characterised by granite rock outcrops and large boulders, scattered throughout a hilly landscape. This contributes greatly to the soils of the area, which are largely formed from the weathering of granite. They include fragile, shallow stony soils on the steep slopes, to naturally acidic and sodic soils on the lower slopes. These soils are prone to degradation issues, and are susceptible to erosion, nutrient loss and salinity.^[65]

The climate is warm and temperate in Wyangala, with significant rainfall throughout the year. According to Köppen climate classification it is classified as Cfa. The average annual temperature in Wyangala is {{convert|15.2|C|abbr=on}}, and it receives about {{convert|600|mm|abbr=on}} precipitation. The warmest month of the year is January with an average temperature of {{convert|23.9|C|abbr=on}}. In July, the average temperature falls to {{convert|7.9|C|abbr=on}}, the lowest average temperature of the whole year.^[78]

The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is {{convert|17.5|mm|abbr=on}}. Average temperatures vary during the year by {{convert|16|C|abbr=on}}.^[78]

Recent times

Earthquake

In October 2006 a magnitude 4 earthquake was felt throughout the New South Wales Central West, with the epicenter at Wyangala.^[79] An earthquake of this magnitude is classified as Light on the Richter scale and usually results in noticeable shaking of indoor objects and rattling noises. The State Water Corporation examined Wyangala Dam to see if it bore damage, finding that pressure and seepage gauges were unaffected by the earthquake.^[80] In addition, no damage or injuries were reported within the village or the State Park.

Dam wall road closure

In 2009 NSW State Water Corporation announced plans to permanently close public road access over Wyangala Dam wall, because of the introduction of 'tough new security measures' and to comply with occupational health and safety requirements. This new policy was to coincide with a significant upgrade and increase in height of the Dam wall.^[81] State Water proposed that alternative access be provided to Wyangala via Mt McDonald Road.^[82] This announcement angered locals, as they believed the implications of such a change had not been considered. Concerns included:^[83]

The concerns voiced by local citizens, emergency services and local councils resulted in a review of the decision to reroute traffic through Mt McDonald road. Subsequently, a report prepared by Ian Armstrong recommended that a bridge be built across the Lachlan River, downstream of the village to give alternate access to Wyangala. This recommendation was accepted by most locals as the only viable option, even though there was dissent from people affected by the new road and bridge.^[84]^[85]

In June 2014, the bridge (Wyangala Bridge) and new road (Trout Farm Road) were completed.^[86]

Removal of waterslides

At the beginning of 2013 Wyangala Waters State Park advertised for expressions of interest to remove the water slides from within the Park. The slides had not been in use due to problems of Park management finding a suitable operator. This unexpected announcement by the Park resulted in an extensive campaign to save the slides.^[87]

Following the public outcry, the former NSW Deputy Premier, Andrew Stoner, put on hold plans to remove the slides, and moving forward, to appoint a group to review the slides future. This decision was welcomed by locals and the shire mayor, Bill West, who considered the slides "a very important tourist attraction ... and popular part of Cowra Shire".^[88] No decision has been made regarding the future of the slides.

Possible closure of school

In 2015, only 5 students were attending Wyangala Dam Public School. This significant decline in numbers was attributed to the ageing population of the Wyangala community and the lack of any new young families within the village and surrounding area. Consequently, the school was at risk of closure if student numbers did not increase. A meeting to discuss the future of schooling within the village was held on 23 June 2015 with the Director of Public Schools Orange Network, allowing village residents and current and former students to ask questions and to present the case for keeping the school open. Any decision by the NSW Department of Education and Training regarding the schools future is to be decided at some future date, not yet determined. In 2015, village residents created a working group to launch a campaign to attract new students to the school, this campaign has continued until the present.^[89]^[90]^[91]

Fuel service

In May 2018, fuel supply services at Wyangala, along with several other inland waterways, were closed due to health and safety concerns and a need to upgrade existing facilities.^[92] Visitors were also banned from carting in their own fuel until a storage and management solution was devised, forcing them to refuel at nearby Cowra.^[93] After a brief tender period, by October 2018, Penrith-based firm Petrolink Engineering was selected to replace the existing fuel facilities. Although their intent was to get fuel facilities back in place before Christmas 2018,^[94] they were not restored until February 2019.^[95]

Raising dam wall height

In 2018, New South Wales Minister for Primary Industries and Regional Water, Niall Blair proposed increasing the height of the Wyangala Dam wall by {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} "to give greater water security for residents and farmers along the Lachlan River." ^[96] The change in height will increase storage by 50% and provide increased capacity during flood events.^[97] If the proposal proceeds, it is expected the cost of the enlargement will be significant (other than direct costs), there will be a need to move current camping areas and other infrastructure, which will be flooded once works are complete.^[98]

Timeline

A timeline of Wyangala and surrounding areas, from the 19th century until the 21st century:

The commencement of present-day Wyangala village, with the construction of Wyangala Dam wall.

References

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